NU 606~Exam 2~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 5,6,7,10,11 Questions With Complete Solutions

What is the body's first line of defense? correct answer: mechanical barrier such as intact skin and mucous membrane Identify the body's second and third lines of defense. correct answer: second: processes of phagocytosis and inflammation; third: the immune system response Which of the three lines of defense are specific? Explain what is meant by "specific defense mechanism." correct answer: The immune system is the specific defense mechanism of the body. It provides protection by stimulating a unique response following exposure to foreign substances. Define phagocytosis. Identify types of cells that are phagocytic. correct answer: process by which neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, or foreign material What is inflammation, and what is its basic function? Identify some causes of inflammation. correct answer: Inflammation is the body's nonspecific response to injury that involves increased blood flow to the area to localize and remove an injurious agent. Inflam- mation can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain; loss of function is also possible. It may be caused by direct physical damage such as cuts or sprains, caustic chemicals such as acids or drain cleaners, ischemia or infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies such as splinters or glass, and infection. Identify the two main events of the "vascular response" that occur during an inflammatory response. Explain their function as part of the response and the direct effects of each event. correct answer: The two main events are vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability in response to a chemical mediator (e.g., histamine, serotonin) released at the site of injury. This allows for the accumulation in the area of fluid (to dilute any toxic substances) and specific plasma proteins such as globulins or antibodies (to react with specific antigens) and fibrinogen (to form a fibrin mesh to localize the problem). Identify the four cardinal signs of an inflammatory response and the cause of each. correct answer: • Redness (rubor or erythema) Due to increased blood flow to the damaged area • Heat Also due to increased blood flow • Swelling (edema) Caused by the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space • Pain Due to increased pressure of flu