CPPS 325 MIDTERM 2 KRISHNAN LECTURES
EXAM WITH LATEST QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the two hallmark characteristics that determine if a cell is a stem cell or not? -
Answer Capacity for:
- Self renewal
- Give rise to differentiated cells
What does knowledge of stem cells entail? - Answer Helps:
- with information about developmental biology
- understand adult tissue homeostasis
- understand disease biology
- * immense potential to serve as therapeutic agents
What is an example of an approved SC treatment in Canada? - Answer Prochymal:
Mesenchymal stem cells indicated for graft vs host disease. This helps with tissue graft
acceptance.
What are Unipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Produce only one type of cell.
Ex. spermatocytes.
What are Multipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Differentiate into multiple types of cells that
make up one tissue.
Ex. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
What are Pluripotent Stem Cells? - Answer Differentiate into cells of all different tissues.
Pluripotent SC can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism, however, they
cannot develop into an entire organism on their own. The inner mass cells of the
blastocyst are pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic cells are pluripotent, there are no adult
pluripotent cells.
What are Totipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Stem cells that divide into all cell types in an
organism. A totipotent cell has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete
organism.
What is the difference between pluripotent and totipotent stem cells? - Answer
Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells
that are totipotent.
,Once the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst the cells become pluripotent. The inner
mass cells of the blastocyst are pluripotent stem cells. There are no adult pluripotent
cells.
What is the lifespan of RBC? - Answer 120 days
What is the lifespan of platelets? - Answer 8-10 days
What is the lifespan for WBCs? - Answer 2-3 weeks
What is the experimental demonstration for blood-forming stem cells that provided a
conclusion that there is an unique source for the production of blood cells? - Answer A
host mouse underwent lethal radiation of the bone marrow. A donor mouse marrow
cells were injected into the host mouse. Then the host mouse underwent sub-lethal
radiation to the recipient cells to induce unique chromosomal aberrations in individual
cells. The damaged marrow cells were then collected and the allowed to proliferate
outside the cell. The colonies showed common chromosomal aberration indicating a
single cell origin. The counted colonies expressed the same DNA damage indicating a
single cell that is responsible for all marrow cells.
What is the fundamental origin of stem cells? - Answer The zygote proliferating forms a
mass of cells that are totipotent. They are able to create an entire organism. Once the
blastocyst is produced the stem cells become pluripotent.
What do pluripotent stem cells not give rise to ? - Answer Pluripotent stem cells can
give rise to a wide variety of cell types, except the trophectoderm (in the blastocyst).
The pluripotent cells of the blastocyst are the inner cell mass that eventually migrate to
different locations and become multipotent stem cells.
What does potency define about cells? - Answer Potency defines the ability of cells to
generate different cell lineages.
Embryonic Stem Cells - Answer Pluripotent
- Can form all cell types except trophectoderm
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Potency
Differentiated Cells
Progenitor Cells
Niche
Marker - Answer Multipotent
- Generate all cell types that form the blood and immune systems.
- Main Progenitor Cells are Common Lymphoid and Common Myeloid
- Niche: bone marrow (majority), temporary circulation can result in HSC taking up
residence in spleen and liver
, What cells do Common Lymphoid Progenitor differentiate into? - Answer Adaptive
Immunity:
B cells
T cells
Innate Immunity:
NK cells
What cells do Common Myeloid Progenitors differentiate into? - Answer Differentiates
into further progenitor cells:
Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor = RBC and Platelet.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor (Cells of Innate Immunity) =
Monocyte>Macrophage and Granulocytes.
What do megakaryocytes produce? - Answer Platelets
What are the granulocytes? - Answer Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Potency
Differentiated Cells
Progenitor Cells
Niche
Marker - Answer Multipotent
-Bone (osteoblasts), fat (adipocytes), cartilage (chondrocytes)
-Niche: bone marrow
- Marker: CD73 and CD105
What is another name for mesenchymal stem cells? - Answer Marrow stromal cells.
They were initially discovered in bone marrow.
How do you distinguish between mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts? - Answer
Mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts have the same markers.
The ability of MSCs to form different cell types (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and
adipocytes) in vitro distinguishes them from fibroblasts.
What are fibroblasts? - Answer Mesenchymal cells derived from embryonic mesoderm
tissue (derived from primitive mesenchyme). Fibroblast synthesizes ECM (connective
tissues) and collagen, produces structural framework for tissues, and plays critical role
in wound healing.
What are pericytes? - Answer Cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries.
They wrap around endothelial cells in arterioles, capillaries and venules.
They are mesenchymal cells. They are shown to form MSC in vitro. But the ability of
pericytes to differentiate into other cell types in vivo is not proven. They are not MSC
because they do not produce adipocytes, chondrocytes or osteoblasts.
EXAM WITH LATEST QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the two hallmark characteristics that determine if a cell is a stem cell or not? -
Answer Capacity for:
- Self renewal
- Give rise to differentiated cells
What does knowledge of stem cells entail? - Answer Helps:
- with information about developmental biology
- understand adult tissue homeostasis
- understand disease biology
- * immense potential to serve as therapeutic agents
What is an example of an approved SC treatment in Canada? - Answer Prochymal:
Mesenchymal stem cells indicated for graft vs host disease. This helps with tissue graft
acceptance.
What are Unipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Produce only one type of cell.
Ex. spermatocytes.
What are Multipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Differentiate into multiple types of cells that
make up one tissue.
Ex. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
What are Pluripotent Stem Cells? - Answer Differentiate into cells of all different tissues.
Pluripotent SC can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism, however, they
cannot develop into an entire organism on their own. The inner mass cells of the
blastocyst are pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic cells are pluripotent, there are no adult
pluripotent cells.
What are Totipotent Stem Cells? - Answer Stem cells that divide into all cell types in an
organism. A totipotent cell has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete
organism.
What is the difference between pluripotent and totipotent stem cells? - Answer
Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells
that are totipotent.
,Once the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst the cells become pluripotent. The inner
mass cells of the blastocyst are pluripotent stem cells. There are no adult pluripotent
cells.
What is the lifespan of RBC? - Answer 120 days
What is the lifespan of platelets? - Answer 8-10 days
What is the lifespan for WBCs? - Answer 2-3 weeks
What is the experimental demonstration for blood-forming stem cells that provided a
conclusion that there is an unique source for the production of blood cells? - Answer A
host mouse underwent lethal radiation of the bone marrow. A donor mouse marrow
cells were injected into the host mouse. Then the host mouse underwent sub-lethal
radiation to the recipient cells to induce unique chromosomal aberrations in individual
cells. The damaged marrow cells were then collected and the allowed to proliferate
outside the cell. The colonies showed common chromosomal aberration indicating a
single cell origin. The counted colonies expressed the same DNA damage indicating a
single cell that is responsible for all marrow cells.
What is the fundamental origin of stem cells? - Answer The zygote proliferating forms a
mass of cells that are totipotent. They are able to create an entire organism. Once the
blastocyst is produced the stem cells become pluripotent.
What do pluripotent stem cells not give rise to ? - Answer Pluripotent stem cells can
give rise to a wide variety of cell types, except the trophectoderm (in the blastocyst).
The pluripotent cells of the blastocyst are the inner cell mass that eventually migrate to
different locations and become multipotent stem cells.
What does potency define about cells? - Answer Potency defines the ability of cells to
generate different cell lineages.
Embryonic Stem Cells - Answer Pluripotent
- Can form all cell types except trophectoderm
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Potency
Differentiated Cells
Progenitor Cells
Niche
Marker - Answer Multipotent
- Generate all cell types that form the blood and immune systems.
- Main Progenitor Cells are Common Lymphoid and Common Myeloid
- Niche: bone marrow (majority), temporary circulation can result in HSC taking up
residence in spleen and liver
, What cells do Common Lymphoid Progenitor differentiate into? - Answer Adaptive
Immunity:
B cells
T cells
Innate Immunity:
NK cells
What cells do Common Myeloid Progenitors differentiate into? - Answer Differentiates
into further progenitor cells:
Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor = RBC and Platelet.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor (Cells of Innate Immunity) =
Monocyte>Macrophage and Granulocytes.
What do megakaryocytes produce? - Answer Platelets
What are the granulocytes? - Answer Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Potency
Differentiated Cells
Progenitor Cells
Niche
Marker - Answer Multipotent
-Bone (osteoblasts), fat (adipocytes), cartilage (chondrocytes)
-Niche: bone marrow
- Marker: CD73 and CD105
What is another name for mesenchymal stem cells? - Answer Marrow stromal cells.
They were initially discovered in bone marrow.
How do you distinguish between mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts? - Answer
Mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts have the same markers.
The ability of MSCs to form different cell types (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and
adipocytes) in vitro distinguishes them from fibroblasts.
What are fibroblasts? - Answer Mesenchymal cells derived from embryonic mesoderm
tissue (derived from primitive mesenchyme). Fibroblast synthesizes ECM (connective
tissues) and collagen, produces structural framework for tissues, and plays critical role
in wound healing.
What are pericytes? - Answer Cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries.
They wrap around endothelial cells in arterioles, capillaries and venules.
They are mesenchymal cells. They are shown to form MSC in vitro. But the ability of
pericytes to differentiate into other cell types in vivo is not proven. They are not MSC
because they do not produce adipocytes, chondrocytes or osteoblasts.
