ATI TEAS 7 LATEST BIOLOGY REVIEW

Macromolecules: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose ● Structural function: cellulose and chitin ● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen ● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water ● H and C and main components ● Fats ● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments ● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose) Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds ● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types) ● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein ● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes) ● Function as transport carries or signal transfer Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA ● DNA stores genetic material ● Chromosomes ● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions ● Not consumed in reaction ● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy ● Exergonic: release energy ● Endergonic: require energy ● Energy is supplied and released as ATP ● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site) DNA and RNA DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins ● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA ● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine ● Purines: Adenine and Guanine ● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine ● Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)