Explain the Role of Pathophysiology in the dx and tx of disease
What is the difference between Health and Disease?
● Health: is a physical, mental and social well-being
● Disease: deviation from the normal state of hemostasis
What is the definition of “Normal”? Normal values occur within a range of values depending on technology for
measurement
What includes New Development and Trends?
1. Constant update in info and knowledge
2. Improved dx tests
3. Development of more effective drugs
4. New tech
5. Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control, or cure many disorders
Basic Terminology
Define Gross level? Organ or system level
Define Microscopic level? Cellular level
The Disease Process
1. Diagnosis: an identification of basic disease - including evaluation of s/s - verifies using laboratory tests like
blood test or xrays, etc
2. Etiology: aka CAUSE
3. Idiopathic: unknown cause of disease
4. Iatrogenic: error/tx/ procedure may cause the disease
5. Predisposing factors: Age, gender, inherited factors, environment etc
6. Prophylaxis: Preserve health; prevent the spread of disease - for example, aspirin is the prophylactic tx for a
baby has a myocardial infarction
7. Prevention: Primary, secondary, and tertiary measurements
Characteristics of Disease
1. Pathogenesis: Development of disease - involved in tissue changes due to specific disease process
2. Onset of disease: sudden/acute such as vomiting, gastroenteritis with vomiting - Insidious: gradual, vague or
mild signs
3. Acute disease: Short-term illness (e.g., acute appendicitis)
4. Chronic disease: Often milder condition developing gradually - is marked by intermittent acute episodes
5. Subclinical state: pathologic changes, no obvious manifestation (e.g., kidney damage may progress to an
advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are manifested)
6. Latent state: No symptoms or clinical signs evident - in infection disease: incubation period
7. Prodromal period? Early development of the disease, signs are nonspecific or absent - one is aware of unbalance
in body, but manifestations are unclear or common (e.g., headache, loss of appetite, fatigue) - lab tests are usually
negative during this period; hence, hard to dx
8. Signs: Objective indicators of disease
9. Symptoms: Subjective feelings
10. Lesions: Specific local change in tissue (blister, or pimple)
11. Syndrome: Collection of s/s often affecting more than one organ - usually due to response to a specific
condition
, 12. Remission and Exacerbation? Mark the course of a disease
● Remission: period or condition that s/s of disease subside permanently or temporarily
● Exacerbation: worsening of severity (e.g., asthma)
13. Precipitating factors? Condition that triggers an acute episode or trigger the onset of the current problem (e.g.,
angina can be precipitated by shoveling snow on a very cold day)
14. Complications: New secondary problems (heart attack, may develop congestive heart failure)
15. Therapy: measure to promote recovery/slow progress
16. Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition (e.g., paralysis after recovery from stroke)
17. Convalescen or rehabilitation: Period of recovery and return to healthy state
18. Morbidity: The disease rates w/in a group
19. Mortality: Death rate related to a disease
20. Epidemiology: Tracking pattern or occurrence of disease - data collection
Describe common cellular adaptation and possible reasons for the occurrence of each
What is Cellular Adaptation?
● The adaptation of the cells for growth and differentiation to altered conditions in body
● Some normal alternations are: increased in uterine and breast tissue during pregnancy
● Is usually reversible after the stimulus is removed
● Irreversible changes to a cell signal a change in DNA
1. Atrophy: Decrease in cells size = reduce in tissue mass
2. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
3. Hyperplasia: increased number of cells = enlarged tissue mass
4. Metaplasia: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
5. Dysplasia: Diff size and shape of cells w/in a tissue
6. Anaplasia: Undifferentiated calls, with variable nuclear and cell structures - mostly seen in malignant tumors
7. Neoplasia: New growth or tumor
8. Apoptosis: Cells self-destruct - refers to programmed cell death - normal in body
9. Ischemia: Lack of O2 in cells due to obstruction - think of stroke population
10. Hypoxia: Reduced in O2 or nutritional deficits - think of respiratory population
11. Pyroptosis: Results in lysis causing nearby cell inflammations
12. Physical damage: Excessive heat or cold and radiation exposure
13. Mechanical damage: Pressure or tearing of tissue
14. Chemical toxins
15. Abnormal metabolite: Genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, altered metabolism
Describe common types of cell necrosis and possible outcomes
What is Necrosis?
● When grp of cells dies and causes further damage to cellular disintegration
Types of Necrosis
1. Liquefaction necrosis: dead cells liquefy d/t cell enzymes - usually seen when brain tissue dies
2. Coagulative necrosis: cell proteins are altered or denatured - often in myocardial infarction due to lack of O2
3. Fat necrosis: fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids - can increase inflammation
4. Caseous necrosis: a form of coag necrosis, thick yellowish cheesy substance forms - often in TB
5. Infarction: area of dead cells d/t lack of O2 - think of heart muscle dies and that area cannot contract blood
6. Gangrene: area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
What is the difference between Health and Disease?
● Health: is a physical, mental and social well-being
● Disease: deviation from the normal state of hemostasis
What is the definition of “Normal”? Normal values occur within a range of values depending on technology for
measurement
What includes New Development and Trends?
1. Constant update in info and knowledge
2. Improved dx tests
3. Development of more effective drugs
4. New tech
5. Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control, or cure many disorders
Basic Terminology
Define Gross level? Organ or system level
Define Microscopic level? Cellular level
The Disease Process
1. Diagnosis: an identification of basic disease - including evaluation of s/s - verifies using laboratory tests like
blood test or xrays, etc
2. Etiology: aka CAUSE
3. Idiopathic: unknown cause of disease
4. Iatrogenic: error/tx/ procedure may cause the disease
5. Predisposing factors: Age, gender, inherited factors, environment etc
6. Prophylaxis: Preserve health; prevent the spread of disease - for example, aspirin is the prophylactic tx for a
baby has a myocardial infarction
7. Prevention: Primary, secondary, and tertiary measurements
Characteristics of Disease
1. Pathogenesis: Development of disease - involved in tissue changes due to specific disease process
2. Onset of disease: sudden/acute such as vomiting, gastroenteritis with vomiting - Insidious: gradual, vague or
mild signs
3. Acute disease: Short-term illness (e.g., acute appendicitis)
4. Chronic disease: Often milder condition developing gradually - is marked by intermittent acute episodes
5. Subclinical state: pathologic changes, no obvious manifestation (e.g., kidney damage may progress to an
advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are manifested)
6. Latent state: No symptoms or clinical signs evident - in infection disease: incubation period
7. Prodromal period? Early development of the disease, signs are nonspecific or absent - one is aware of unbalance
in body, but manifestations are unclear or common (e.g., headache, loss of appetite, fatigue) - lab tests are usually
negative during this period; hence, hard to dx
8. Signs: Objective indicators of disease
9. Symptoms: Subjective feelings
10. Lesions: Specific local change in tissue (blister, or pimple)
11. Syndrome: Collection of s/s often affecting more than one organ - usually due to response to a specific
condition
, 12. Remission and Exacerbation? Mark the course of a disease
● Remission: period or condition that s/s of disease subside permanently or temporarily
● Exacerbation: worsening of severity (e.g., asthma)
13. Precipitating factors? Condition that triggers an acute episode or trigger the onset of the current problem (e.g.,
angina can be precipitated by shoveling snow on a very cold day)
14. Complications: New secondary problems (heart attack, may develop congestive heart failure)
15. Therapy: measure to promote recovery/slow progress
16. Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition (e.g., paralysis after recovery from stroke)
17. Convalescen or rehabilitation: Period of recovery and return to healthy state
18. Morbidity: The disease rates w/in a group
19. Mortality: Death rate related to a disease
20. Epidemiology: Tracking pattern or occurrence of disease - data collection
Describe common cellular adaptation and possible reasons for the occurrence of each
What is Cellular Adaptation?
● The adaptation of the cells for growth and differentiation to altered conditions in body
● Some normal alternations are: increased in uterine and breast tissue during pregnancy
● Is usually reversible after the stimulus is removed
● Irreversible changes to a cell signal a change in DNA
1. Atrophy: Decrease in cells size = reduce in tissue mass
2. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
3. Hyperplasia: increased number of cells = enlarged tissue mass
4. Metaplasia: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
5. Dysplasia: Diff size and shape of cells w/in a tissue
6. Anaplasia: Undifferentiated calls, with variable nuclear and cell structures - mostly seen in malignant tumors
7. Neoplasia: New growth or tumor
8. Apoptosis: Cells self-destruct - refers to programmed cell death - normal in body
9. Ischemia: Lack of O2 in cells due to obstruction - think of stroke population
10. Hypoxia: Reduced in O2 or nutritional deficits - think of respiratory population
11. Pyroptosis: Results in lysis causing nearby cell inflammations
12. Physical damage: Excessive heat or cold and radiation exposure
13. Mechanical damage: Pressure or tearing of tissue
14. Chemical toxins
15. Abnormal metabolite: Genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, altered metabolism
Describe common types of cell necrosis and possible outcomes
What is Necrosis?
● When grp of cells dies and causes further damage to cellular disintegration
Types of Necrosis
1. Liquefaction necrosis: dead cells liquefy d/t cell enzymes - usually seen when brain tissue dies
2. Coagulative necrosis: cell proteins are altered or denatured - often in myocardial infarction due to lack of O2
3. Fat necrosis: fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids - can increase inflammation
4. Caseous necrosis: a form of coag necrosis, thick yellowish cheesy substance forms - often in TB
5. Infarction: area of dead cells d/t lack of O2 - think of heart muscle dies and that area cannot contract blood
6. Gangrene: area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
