https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2015-16/15-16_49/breadth-of-study-8-america.pdf
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=4829
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=5012
Theme 1: The struggle for Civil Rights, c.1890-1990
The development of changing attitudes towards Civil
Rights 1890-1945
Impact of Jim Crow Laws:
● 1865 - slavery was abolished
● Jim Crow Laws - segregated AA and WA in southern states
● 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case:
○ Homer Plessy in Louisiana challenged segregation on public transport
○ “Separate but equal” doctrine to combat contradiction of 14 Amendment
○ Reversed by 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
○ Justified racial segregation
○ Led to growth of KKK - 1919 70 AA lynched
Migration from south to north:
● Violence of AA under Jim Crow Laws/PvF in southern states
● 1890s - many migrated north for better education, jobs, ability to vote
● Agricultural depression - many AA left without work or couldn’t afford rent
● Wages for AA in north over double the south
● Demand for labour in Detroit/Chicago after WW1
● Migration only slowed down after Great Depression 1929
● Between 1915-30 - 1.5 million migrated north
NAACP and roles of Booker T. Washington & Web Du Bois
● Booker T. Washington:
○ High education - allowed him to become head of Tuskegee Institute (higher
education for AA) in Alabama
○ Accommodationist - believed AA should work hard to show loyalty instead of
campaigning for vote
○ Supported by WA - encouraged AA to accept inferior economic/social status
○ Washington’s achievements:
■ Tuskegee ensured generations of AA to gain higher education & economic
opportunities
■ Gained acceptance for black education in the South
■ 1900 - established National Negro Business Leagure - focused on
commercial issues (ability to earn living & own property)
○ Washington’s failures
■ President Roosevelt, although verbally expressed support of advancements
of AA, limited number of AA political appointments
■ President Wilson 1912 attempted introduction of segregation in civil service &
praised KKK
■ Many AA regarded Washington as too deferential to WA & saw his role as
serving WA
○ Vivienne Saunders “accommodationism probably stood more chance of
consolidating black gains in America than confrontation”
, https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2015-16/15-16_49/breadth-of-study-8-america.pdf
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=4829
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=5012
● W.E.B Du Bois & NAACP:
○ 1895 - first AA to receive Phd from Harvard
○ Focused on legal/political equality & racial integration
○ Du Bois’ writing raised black self-confidence/pride - Harlem Renaissance 1920s
○ An effective propagandist & highlighted discrimination
○ 1905 Niagara Movement - demanded equal economic/education opportunities, end
to segregation, full civil rights (ended Feb 1909 due to little impact)
○ 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) - published
magazine that built large readership (1919 100,000 copies a month)
○ By WW1 - NAACP had 6,000 members
○ 1915 “Guinn v. US” (Grandfather Clause)- first legal success of NAACP
● Marcus Garvey & UNIA:
○ WW1 - black soldiers faced little racism from French/British
○ Increase in AA consciousness
○ 1914 Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - raised AA awareness of
culture, “Black is beautiful”
○ Campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow Laws, racial discrimination
○ However argued for segregation rather than integration - said AA should live in Africa
○ Openly talked/agreed with KKK segregation of white & black societies
○ Impact of UNIA:
■ Many called Garvey “Black Messiah”
■ Created strong independent economic base for AA
■ Reclaimed Africa from the white man - criticised white colonisation
■ Laid foundation for black nationalism 1960s
■ Gave pride in culture
● A Phillip Randolph:
○ Emphasised collective action for AA to gain legal/economic equality
○ Opened employment office in Harlem - provided job training for southern migrants,
encouraged to join Trade Unions
○ WW1 launched magazine “Messenger” - campaigned against lyching & AA drafted
into war, fought for integrated society
○ 1937 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - first AA labour union
○ July 1 1941 March on Washington Movement:
■ FDR refused to end segregation in government defence factories/army
■ Called for thousands of AA to march at Lincoln Memorial
■ FDR issued Executive Order 8802 - ban discrimination in defence industry
○ 1943 labour shortages - inc. of AA employment & mass migration to north/west cities
Impact of depression and New Deal
● Wall Street Crash 1929 - Great Depression
● Clifford Burke in Studs Terkel’s Hard Times (1970) book “The Negro was born in depression.
It didn’t mean much to him…It only became official when it hit the white man”
● Cotton prices fell from 18 cents per pound to 6 cents per pound 1933
● 23,000 black sharecroppers had to move to cities after loss in agriculture
● 1930s black unemployment from 30% to 60%
● Last to be hired, first to be fired
● New Deal: (relief, recovery, reform 1930s Roosevelt)
○ Early policies discriminated against AA
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=4829
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=5012
Theme 1: The struggle for Civil Rights, c.1890-1990
The development of changing attitudes towards Civil
Rights 1890-1945
Impact of Jim Crow Laws:
● 1865 - slavery was abolished
● Jim Crow Laws - segregated AA and WA in southern states
● 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case:
○ Homer Plessy in Louisiana challenged segregation on public transport
○ “Separate but equal” doctrine to combat contradiction of 14 Amendment
○ Reversed by 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
○ Justified racial segregation
○ Led to growth of KKK - 1919 70 AA lynched
Migration from south to north:
● Violence of AA under Jim Crow Laws/PvF in southern states
● 1890s - many migrated north for better education, jobs, ability to vote
● Agricultural depression - many AA left without work or couldn’t afford rent
● Wages for AA in north over double the south
● Demand for labour in Detroit/Chicago after WW1
● Migration only slowed down after Great Depression 1929
● Between 1915-30 - 1.5 million migrated north
NAACP and roles of Booker T. Washington & Web Du Bois
● Booker T. Washington:
○ High education - allowed him to become head of Tuskegee Institute (higher
education for AA) in Alabama
○ Accommodationist - believed AA should work hard to show loyalty instead of
campaigning for vote
○ Supported by WA - encouraged AA to accept inferior economic/social status
○ Washington’s achievements:
■ Tuskegee ensured generations of AA to gain higher education & economic
opportunities
■ Gained acceptance for black education in the South
■ 1900 - established National Negro Business Leagure - focused on
commercial issues (ability to earn living & own property)
○ Washington’s failures
■ President Roosevelt, although verbally expressed support of advancements
of AA, limited number of AA political appointments
■ President Wilson 1912 attempted introduction of segregation in civil service &
praised KKK
■ Many AA regarded Washington as too deferential to WA & saw his role as
serving WA
○ Vivienne Saunders “accommodationism probably stood more chance of
consolidating black gains in America than confrontation”
, https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2015-16/15-16_49/breadth-of-study-8-america.pdf
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=4829
https://resources.wjec.co.uk/Pages/ResourceSingle.aspx?rIid=5012
● W.E.B Du Bois & NAACP:
○ 1895 - first AA to receive Phd from Harvard
○ Focused on legal/political equality & racial integration
○ Du Bois’ writing raised black self-confidence/pride - Harlem Renaissance 1920s
○ An effective propagandist & highlighted discrimination
○ 1905 Niagara Movement - demanded equal economic/education opportunities, end
to segregation, full civil rights (ended Feb 1909 due to little impact)
○ 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) - published
magazine that built large readership (1919 100,000 copies a month)
○ By WW1 - NAACP had 6,000 members
○ 1915 “Guinn v. US” (Grandfather Clause)- first legal success of NAACP
● Marcus Garvey & UNIA:
○ WW1 - black soldiers faced little racism from French/British
○ Increase in AA consciousness
○ 1914 Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - raised AA awareness of
culture, “Black is beautiful”
○ Campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow Laws, racial discrimination
○ However argued for segregation rather than integration - said AA should live in Africa
○ Openly talked/agreed with KKK segregation of white & black societies
○ Impact of UNIA:
■ Many called Garvey “Black Messiah”
■ Created strong independent economic base for AA
■ Reclaimed Africa from the white man - criticised white colonisation
■ Laid foundation for black nationalism 1960s
■ Gave pride in culture
● A Phillip Randolph:
○ Emphasised collective action for AA to gain legal/economic equality
○ Opened employment office in Harlem - provided job training for southern migrants,
encouraged to join Trade Unions
○ WW1 launched magazine “Messenger” - campaigned against lyching & AA drafted
into war, fought for integrated society
○ 1937 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - first AA labour union
○ July 1 1941 March on Washington Movement:
■ FDR refused to end segregation in government defence factories/army
■ Called for thousands of AA to march at Lincoln Memorial
■ FDR issued Executive Order 8802 - ban discrimination in defence industry
○ 1943 labour shortages - inc. of AA employment & mass migration to north/west cities
Impact of depression and New Deal
● Wall Street Crash 1929 - Great Depression
● Clifford Burke in Studs Terkel’s Hard Times (1970) book “The Negro was born in depression.
It didn’t mean much to him…It only became official when it hit the white man”
● Cotton prices fell from 18 cents per pound to 6 cents per pound 1933
● 23,000 black sharecroppers had to move to cities after loss in agriculture
● 1930s black unemployment from 30% to 60%
● Last to be hired, first to be fired
● New Deal: (relief, recovery, reform 1930s Roosevelt)
○ Early policies discriminated against AA
