Nursing 250 Final Exam 2023 with complete solution

What are the 5 levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - correct answer1. Physiological 2. Safety/ security 3.Love/ belonging 4. Self-esteem 5. Self-actualization Health perception-health management pattern - correct answerClient's perceived health and well being (how health is managed) Nutritional-metablic pattern - correct answerFood and fluid intake relative to metabolic need (pattern varies across lifespan) Activity & exercise pattern - correct answerPhysical activity and exercise, leisure and recreation (Nurse's help with ADLs) Sleep and rest pattern - correct answerSleep, rest, relaxation (Problems in this area spill over onto other areas) Cognitive & perceptual pattern - correct answerCognitive, sensory-perceptual, memory (Most affected by sleep deficits) Self-perception and self-concept pattern - correct answerRole engagement and relationship with others (assess clients functioning in different roles of life: mother, employee etc.) Sexuality and reproductive pattern - correct answerSexuality & gender identity; sexual needs & performance (Client's satisfaction with gender issues, sexuality & reproduction) Coping and stress tolerance pattern - correct answerManagement of stresses of daily life as well as extraordinary stresses that come with illness and disability (Assess client's general coping pattern and effectiveness in stress tolerance) Values and belief pattern - correct answerClient's sense of values, what he/she believes in, religion (Assess values, beliefs (including spiritual) or goals that guide choices or decisions What are the 5 rights of delegation? - correct answer1. Right task 2. Right circumstances 3. Right person 4. right direction/ communication 5. right supervision Open-ended questions - correct answerUsed to elicit feelings or perceptions; ask "why" or "how" questions (time consuming) Close-ended questions - correct answerUsed to focus on specific information; ask "when" or "did" questions -Helps keep interview on course -May miss information on this Subculture - correct answerLarge group of people who are members of a larger cultural group; have certain ethnic, occupational or physical characteristics not common to the larger culture Assimilation - correct answerProcess by which a person or a group's language and/ or culture come to resemble those of another group Race - correct answerphysical characteristics (Color) Ethnicity - correct answerwho you identify with (Backgrounds, traditions, beliefs) Dominant group (largest group) - correct answergroup has the most authority to control values and sanctions Minority group (smaller group) - correct answerA physical or cultural characteristic identifies the people as different Cultural imposition - correct answerEveryone should conform to the majority Cultural blindness - correct answerDifferences are ignored; act like non exist Cultural conflict - correct answerFeel threatened by differences and use ridicule Stereotyping - correct answerOne assumes that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike What is the largest subculture of the health care system? - correct answerNursing Ethnocentrism - correct answerOne's own beliefs are best What are the 5 principals of bio ethics? - correct answer1. Autonomy 2. Non-maleficence 3.Beneficience 4. Justice 5. Fidelity What are the 3 types of ethics? - correct answer1. bioethics 2. nursing ethics 3. clinical ethics Autonomy (ethics) - correct answerRespect rights of patients to make healthcare decisions Non-maleficence - correct answerAvoid causing harm beneficence - correct answerbenefit the patient Justice - correct answergive each his or her due process fidelity - correct answerkeep promises/ provide for all patient needs Clinical ethics - correct answerBedside, during care of patient (Ill patients, nurse/patient relationship, policy making, consents) Nursing ethics - correct answerNurses making ethical judgements (end of life, HIPPA, practices of colleagues) Ethical agency - correct answerAbility to do right thing because its the right thing to do Ethical dilemma - correct answer2 or more clear moral principles apply but support inconsistent courses of action Ethical distress - correct answerNurse knows right thing to do, factors make it difficult to follow correct course of action Paternalism - correct answerNurse acts as parent/ prevents harm Deception - correct answerShots/procedures Allocation of scarce resources - correct answershort staffed Values - correct answer-A standard to help you determine how to behave -A belief that is meaningful; that influences the relationships you may develop (formed during life; affected by surroundings) Modeling - correct answerLearn from family, peers what is socially acceptable or unacceptable Moralizing - correct answerTaught by parents of an institution like the church about what is right and wrong Laissez-faire - correct answerChildren allows to explore opportunities their own way with no guidance Rewarding and punishing - correct answerRewards are given to children who follow parent's values; punishment for not doing so Responsible choice - correct answerDevelopment of a personal value system is made and support and guidance is offered along the way Altruism - correct answerconcern for the well-being of others Autonomy - correct answerbeing independent Human dignity - correct answerRespect others Integrity - correct answerHonesty and practicing accountability Social justice - correct answerequal treatment for all Advocacy - correct answerProtection and support of another's rights What are the 3 sources of knowledge - correct answer1.Traditional 2. authoritative 3. scientific Traditional source of knowledge - correct answerPassed down from generation to generation ("We have always done it this way") Authoritative source of knowledge - correct answerComes from an expert (older nurse teaching bed making secrets Scientific source of knowledge - correct answerArrived at through the scientific method What are the types of knowledge? - correct answer-Science -Philosophy -Process Science - correct answerWe use knowledge and observe, investigate and explain occurrences that take place Philosophy - correct answerValues and beliefs; perceptions of life; in nursing, it is developed through what we learn an what we gain from practice experiences Process - correct answerSeries of events that aim towards meeting a goal (NURSING PROCESS) Critical thinking - correct answerAbility to recognize problems and raise questions, gather evidence to support answers and solutions, evaluate alternative solutions, and communicate effectively with others to implement solutions for best possible outcomes General systems theory - correct answerTheory for universal application Adaptive theory - correct answerAdjustment of living matter to other living things and environment Developmental theory - correct answerorderly and predictable growth and development Quantitative research - correct answerInvolves concepts of basic and applied research Descriptive (quantitative) research - correct answerDescribe events or occurrences in REAL LIFE; identifying relationships between and among events Correlational (quantitative) research - correct answerLooking at the relationship between two or more variables -One may increase while other decreases -Both may increase -Both may decrease Quasi-experimental (quantitative) research - correct answerLooks at cause and effect relationships between variables Experimental (quantitative) research - correct answerConducted in a laboratory setting; looking and cause and effect relationships between variables under very controlled conditions Basic research - correct answerDesigned to refine a theory and many times results are not useful in practice Applied research - correct answerDesigned to improve clinical practice Qualitative research - correct answerConducted to gain insight by discovering meanings; based on belief that reality is based on varying and different perceptions Phenomenology - correct answerDescribe experiences of those being studied (Meaning of the experiences) Grounded theory - correct answerDescriptions of the subjects reality (theory is developed based one experiences of the subject) Ethnography - correct answerInclusion of issues of culture (culture and nursing/health care are related) Historical - correct answerLook at past events, how things were done then compared to now Abstract of an article - correct answersummary; data collection/ analysis Introduction of an article - correct answerreview of literature/ purpose Methods of an article - correct answerHow study was done Results of an article - correct answerfindings/ charts/ tables Discussion of an article - correct answerresults with regard to purpose References of an article - correct answerLiterature used Evidence based practice - correct answerShared decision making used in healthcare to determine best options that are: -Clinically effect -Cost effective -Satisfying to the patient What is the model of evidence based practice - correct answer-Assess -Link -Synthesize -design -implement -Integrate/ maintain What 4 things is evidence based practice based on - correct answer-research evidence -patients experiences and preferences -clinical expertise other sources of info What are the goals of evidence based practice? - correct answer-Provide optimal patient care -improve patient/ systems outcome Cochrane collaboration - correct answerInternational group of scholars who conduct reviews of research topics Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) - correct answerresources for research reviews and summaries What do the letters of PICO(T) stand for? - correct answerP- population I- intervention (issue of interest) C- comparison (intervention/ group) O- outcome (T)- timeframe Tradition-based evidence - correct answerConsultation with more experienced, educated, higher-authority level nurse -institutional standards, procedures, manuals -coworkers, other health care providers Evidence-based evidence - correct answerPractice based evidence for continuous process improvement Reliability - correct answerAbility of the research instrument/ tool to yield consistent results over repeated test periods Validity - correct answerThe ability of the research to actually measure/describe variables in the study What are the 5 A's of the process? - correct answer-Ask -Acquire -analyze -apply -assess What does HIPPA stand for? - correct answerHealth insurance portability and accountability act What is HIPPA? - correct answerProtects a patient's right to the confidentiality of his/her medical information and, for the first time, creates federal, civil, and criminal penalties for improper use or disclosure of protected health information What is protected health information? - correct answerAny data about the patient that would tend to identify the individual: name, hospital#, SSN, diagnosis, lab results etc. What does the term "health information" mean? - correct answerAny information, whether oral or recorded in any form or medium Informatics in nursing - correct answerThe combination of nursing science, information science, and computer science Scopes and standards for the informatics nurse specialist - correct answerA specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom in nursing practice What are the 4 major goals of EHR? - correct answer-Inform clinical practice -Interconnect clinicians -personalize care -improve population health Accreditation - correct answerProgram is evaluated and recognized as having met standards Licensure - correct answerCandidate meets minimum requirements to practice Certification - correct answerPerson meets criteria and is granted recognition a specified practice area Tort - correct answerA wrong committed by one against another or his or her property -May be intentional or unintentional What are the 4 things that must be established to prove that malpractice has occurred? - correct answer1. duty 2. breech of care 3. causation 4. damages What are the 5 basic principals of motivational interviewing? - correct answer1. express empathy 2. avoid argument 3. support self-efficacy (confidence in ability) 4. roll with resistance 5. develop discrepancy What are the 5 stages of the change theory? - correct answer1. pre-contemplation 2. contemplation 3. planning 4. action 5. maintenance Motivation - correct answerState of readiness or eagerness to change What is the 'SOLER" method used in reference to? - correct answerCommunication S of SOLER - correct answerSit squarely in relation to the patient O of SOLER - correct answerOpen position L of SOLER - correct answerlean slightly towards patient E of SOLER - correct answerEye contact R of SOLER - correct answerRelax S OF SBAR - correct answerSituation B of SBAR - correct answerbackground A of SBAR - correct answerassessment R of SBAR - correct answerrecommendation Example of S of SBAR - correct answer"I am calling/ concerned about" Example of B of SBAR - correct answerthe patient is.... Example of A of SBAR - correct answerSay what you think the PROBLEM is Example of R in SBAR - correct answerTransfer/discuss/ tests When do you use the RULE acronym? - correct answer When motivational interviewing R of RULE - correct answer Resist the righting reflex U of RULE - correct answer understand the patients own motivations L of RULE - correct answerListen with empathy E of RULE - correct answerEmpower the patient