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Samenvatting samenvattende nota's weefsels

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Grondige nota's van het gedeelte weefsels uit het vak cellen en weefsels onderwezen door professor Vral. Geslaagd in eerste zit. Samenvatting gebaseerd op hoorcolleges, Powerpoints en boek.

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August 17, 2023
Number of pages
60
Written in
2022/2023
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ALGEMENE HISTOLOGIE
= morfologische wetenschap (vorm van weefsels bestuderen op microscopisch niveau)

− Cytologie of celbiologie
− Histologie: geheel van cellen dat weefsel vormt = differentiatie vanuit stamcel naar cellen
met eenzelfde functie
− Bijzondere histologie of microscopishe anatomie: studie van organen = verschillende
weefsels die zich op een bepaalde manier gaan samenstellen


Inhoud
Histologische technieken ............................................................................................................... 4
Preparation of tissues for studying ............................................................................................. 4
Lichtmicroscopie - kleuren ......................................................................................................... 6
Elektronenmicroscopie – contrasteren ....................................................................................... 7
Observatiemethoden................................................................................................................. 8
Het epitheel.................................................................................................................................10
Oppervlaktespecialisaties (zie cytologie) ....................................................................................10
Apicale oppervlaktespecialisaties...........................................................................................10
Laterale oppervlaktespecialisaties of intercellulaire verbindingen............................................10
Basale oppervlaktespecialisaties ............................................................................................11
Bedekkend epitheel ..................................................................................................................11
1-lagige epithelen .................................................................................................................11
Pseudomeerlagig epitheel of meerrijig epitheel......................................................................12
Meerlagige epithelen ............................................................................................................12
Klierepitheel ............................................................................................................................13
Exocriene klieren: secretie aan buitenwereld .........................................................................14
Myoepitheel ............................................................................................................................16
Neuro-epitheel .........................................................................................................................17
Transport in epitheelcellen .......................................................................................................17
Vernieuwing van epithelen .......................................................................................................17
Bind- en steunweefsel ..................................................................................................................19
Eigenlijk bindweefsel ................................................................................................................20
Cellen voor aanmaak en onderhoud ......................................................................................20
Cellen voor reserve en isolatie ...............................................................................................20
Verdedigingscellen ...............................................................................................................21
Extracellulaire matrix (ECM) ..................................................................................................24
Types eigenlijk bindweefsel ...................................................................................................27

, Bloed .......................................................................................................................................29
Bloedplasma ........................................................................................................................29
Bloedcellen ..........................................................................................................................29
Bloedvorming = hematopoiesis .............................................................................................33
Kraakbeen................................................................................................................................35
Chondrogenese ....................................................................................................................35
Samenstelling van kraakbeen ................................................................................................35
Bot ..........................................................................................................................................37
Samenstellende componenten ..............................................................................................37
Bot indelingen ......................................................................................................................40
Botvorming ..........................................................................................................................41
Botregeneratie .....................................................................................................................43
Histofysiologie van het bot ....................................................................................................43
Gewrichten ..........................................................................................................................43
Spierweefsel ................................................................................................................................45
Skeletspierweefsel....................................................................................................................45
Lichtmicroscopisch: ..............................................................................................................45
Elektronenmicroscopisch ......................................................................................................46
Contractiemechanisme .........................................................................................................47
Varianten van skeletspieren ..................................................................................................48
Groei en regeneratie.............................................................................................................48
Hartspierweefsel ......................................................................................................................48
Lichtmicroscopisch ...............................................................................................................48
Elektromicroscopisch ............................................................................................................49
Glad spierweefsel .....................................................................................................................50
Lichtmicroscopisch ...............................................................................................................50
Elektronenmicroscopisch ......................................................................................................50
Spiercontractie .....................................................................................................................50
Zenuwweefsel..............................................................................................................................51
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................51
Neuronen ................................................................................................................................51
Opbouw neuronen ...............................................................................................................51
Types neuronen....................................................................................................................53
Synapsen .................................................................................................................................54
Opbouw synaps ....................................................................................................................54
Omzetting van een zenuwimpuls in een chemisch signaal .......................................................54

, Indeling chemische synapsen ................................................................................................54
Neuroglia of steunweefsel ........................................................................................................55
Zenuwvezels ............................................................................................................................57
Centraal en perifeer zenuwstelsel..............................................................................................58
Centraal zenuwstelsel ...........................................................................................................58
Perifeer zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................59
De- en regeneratie ...................................................................................................................59

, Histologische technieken
Preparation of tissues for studying
= weefsels en organen observeerbaar maken voor LM (lichtmicroscopie) en EM
(elektronenmicroscopie)

! weinig contrast in biologisch materiaal, weinig licht (elektronen) doorlatend
 Fixatie
• Bewaren van weefsels met behoud van oorspronkelijke structuur
= denatureren van eiwitten (verbreken van de 3D-structuur) : stilleggen van
bacteriële en autolytische afbraakreacties
• Permeabiliseren van celmembraan: zodat fixatief en kleurstoffen het weefsel kunnen
binnendringer
• Harder en poreuzer maken van het weefsel: voor het afsnijden van dunne coupes
• 2 manieren:
o Chemische fixatie: immersie of perfusie (via bloedvaten) van het weefsel met
een fixatief
▪ Precipiterend fixatief: slaan eiwitten neer
Vb. alcoholen
▪ Crosslinkende fixatieven: eiwitten in weefsel gaan crosslinken
Vb. glutaaraldehyde, formaldehyde, …
o Koude fixatie: invriezen van het weefsel

Chemische fixatie Koude fixatie
Heel dunne coupes Minder dunne coupes
Goede morfologie Minder goede morfologie
Vergt veel tijd Vergt minder tijd

 Inbedden
= het gefixeerde materiaal ontwikkelen en doordrengen met inbedmiddel
• Inbedmiddel
o Substantie die in het weefsel dringt: vloeibare vorm
o Substantie die hard wordt: vaste vorm
o Materiaal snijdbaar in dunne plakken (coupes)
Bv. lichtmicroscopie: paraffine, hars, plastics (verharden bij hogere temperatuur)
o Hydrofoob bindmiddel: weefsel bevat veel water, mengt niet dus daarom:
▪ Eerst weefsel ontwateren: weefsel in stijgende reeks alcoholbaden
brengen van 30°, 50°, 70°, 90°, absolute ethanol
▪ Clearing in tolueen: mengbaar met alcohol en het inbedmiddel
▪ Infiltratie: plaatsen in gesmolten parafine dat verhard = embedding
! Fixatie en inbedden veroorzaken soms artefacten: zaken die je ziet die in het viabel weefsel niet
voorkomen
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