Introduction to Earth Science Part II- Complete Questions and Answers 2023

Introduction to Earth Science Part II- Complete Questions and Answers 2023 Geology *** The study of Earth, its materials, and processes past and present; study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth Silicon *** The second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Upper Mantle *** is part of lithosphere / tectonic plates Inner Core *** A dense solidified iron rich alloy. Describe how the Earth's magnetic field is generated. *** Originates in the Outer Core due to the convection of molten iron transferring from inner core to the mantle; changes in density of iron due to heating is responsible for the process. The moving mass of metal creates a magnetic field. Where does the top layer of the Mantle begin? *** Marked by the Mohorovicic discontinuity Crust *** Included in the upper part of the lithosphere Layers of the Earth *** ... Mohorovicic Discontinuity *** the boundary between the crust and the mantle 2/3 of Earth's mass *** mantle Gutenburg Discontinuity *** boundary between the lower mantle and the core 1/3 of Earth's mass *** core How do scientists know that the outer core is a liquid? *** Seismic waves moving through the earth What is the core mainly made of? *** Ni & Fe weight *** how strong the pull of gravity is on an object What determines an objects weight on Earth? *** The mass of the object and the distance to the center of the Earth system *** a set or interacting components considered to be a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study What are the basic componets of the Universe? *** matter and energy matter *** has mass and takes up space energy *** ability to do work atmosphere *** a mixture of gases that surround a planet or moon Percent composition of Atmosphere *** N = 72% O = 20% water = 1% Inert gases = .97% CO2 = .03% Geosphere *** solid rocky part of the Earth Explain the internal sources of heat on the Earth *** 1. Heat released by nuclear decay 2. Heat produced by the high pressure due to gravitation contraction. 3. Heat left over from the formation of the Earth Properties of Felsic Rock (continental crust) *** 1. lower density 2. rich in Al, Na, K 3. contains quartz, muscovite, and feldspar 4. ex. granite 5. lighter colored Properties of Mafic Rock (oceanic crust) *** 1. higher density 2. rich in Fe and Mg 3. contains biotite and olivine 4. ex. gabbro and basalt 5. darker colored Explain Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. Give an example *** All matter in the universe is attracted to all other matter by gravity. Gravity is the force that holds the layers of earth together What is the external source of Earth's energy? How is this energy transferred through Earth's system. *** Sun; Energy from the sun in absorb by land and water. This energy can be radiated back into the atmophere. It provides the power to create convection currents in the atmosphere and the hydrophere. Solar energy enters into the biosphere when plants absorb sunlight. This radiation is then converted into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. This chemical is then cycled through the food webs. What are 3 important sources of energy for the Earth? *** Sun, internal convection, and gravity Gravity is ... *** the force of attraction that exists among all matter in the universe Why is the inner core of the Earth a solid and not a liquid? *** The pressure in the inner core is too high for liquids to exist. Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates? *** The plates (lithosphere) move on top of the asthenosphere. Describe the shape of the Earth. Explain why it is shaped this way. *** The Earth is an oblate spheroid. This means it is a slightly "squished" sphere. It is shaped this way due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The earth is not a perfect sphere. In which direction does it have the greatest circumference? Why? *** The Earth is an oblate spheroid. This means it is a slightly squishe sphere. It is shaped this way due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. State and explain the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. *** Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can transferred between systems. This means that all the energy we have now is all the energy we will ever have. State and explain the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics *** As energy is transferred, it becomes more spread out (less organized/ entropy). This means that energy becomes less available as more energy transfers occur. The Earth is covered with approximately with how much water? *** 70% How do scientists learn about the core of the Earth? *** Scientists study seismic waves / earthquakes. According to the law of gravitation, the force of attraction between two objects depend on what 2 factors? *** Mass of the two objects and the distance between them How does the transfer of energy throughout an ecosystem begin? *** Plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis. How does heat from Earth's interior move toward the surface. *** Heat moves toward the surface in the process of convection. As the outer core is heated, its density decreases; this decreased density allows material to rise. As heat is transferred to the mantle, the outer core material cools ; this increases the density. As density increases, the molten iron sinks back down. oceanography *** study of the Earth's ocean meteorology *** study of the Earth's atmosphere Earth Science *** study of the Earth and the universe astronomy *** study of the universe beyond Earth mesophere *** the strong lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core core *** the central part of the Earth below the mantle lithosphere *** the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle crust *** the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle mantle *** the layer of rock between Earth's crust and core hydrosphere *** the portion of the Earth that is water geosphere *** the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth closed system *** a system in which energy, but not matter , is exchanged with the surroundings biosphere *** the part of Earth where life exists Describe a positive feedback system *** Every change in the system causes an increase in another part of the system. Describe a negative feedback system. *** Every change in the system causes the system to return to equilibrium. Differentiate the compositional and structural layers of the Earth. *** Composition is based on what the layers are made of. The structural layers are based on how the layers work together. open system *** energy and mass are exchanged Describe the shape of the Earth. *** The earth is an oblate spheroid. It is like a "squished ball". Which layer of the earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates? *** Asthenosphere