Philosophy Exam 2023 with verified questions and answers

Philosophy Areas of Study - correct answerMetaphysics, epistemology, ethics, social/political philosophy, aesthetics, and logic Philosophy - correct answerWonder, a dynamic process, wisdom, and truth "the love or persuit of wisdom) Philen - correct answerLove Sophia - correct answerWisdom Ultimate Aim of Philosophy - correct answer-to complete liberty of the mind -freedom from all social, political, or religious prejudice -to care for the well being of the soul - answer the question, "what is this all about"? Argument - correct answera form of thinking in which certain statements (reason) are offered in support of one another (conclusion) Logic - correct answerseeks to establish the rules of correct reasoning, clear understanding, and valid argumentation Reasons/premises - correct answerstatements that support another statement (known as conclusion) to justify it, or make it more probable Conclusion - correct answera statement that explains, asserts, or predicts the basis of statements (known as reasons or premises) that are offered as evidence for it Cue Words - correct answerkey words that signal that a reason is being offered in support of a conclusion so that the conclusion follows the reason offered Valid argument - correct answeran argument in which the reasons support the conclusion so that the conclusion follows the reason offered Invalid argument - correct answeran argument in which the reasons do not support the conclusion so that the cocnclusion does not follow the reasons offered sound argument - correct answeran argument that has both truth reasons and a valid structure unsound argument - correct answeran argument that has either false reasons or invalid structure deductive argument - correct answeran argument form in which one reasons from premises taht are known or assumed to be true to a conclusion that follows necessarily from these premises syllogism - correct answeran argument form that consists of two premises and a conclusion inductive argument - correct answeran argument form in which one reasons from premises taht are known or assigned to be true to a conclusion that is supported by the premises but does not necessarily follow from them casual reasoning - correct answera form of inductive argument in which one event is claimed to be the result of of the occurence of another event empirical generalization - correct answera form of inductive reasoning in which a general statement is made about an entire group based on observing members of the group fallacies - correct answerunsound arguments that are often persuasive because they usually appeal to our emotions and prejudices and because they often support conclusions that we want to believe are accurate metaphysics - correct answerthe study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence epistemology - correct answerthe study of knowledge, identifying and developing criteria and methodologies for what we know and why we know it ethics - correct answerthe study of moral values and principles political/social philosophy - correct answerthe study of social values and political forms of goverment aesthics - correct answerthe study of beauty, art, and taste logic - correct answerthe branch of philoisophy that seeks to establish the rules of correct reasoning, clear understanding and valid arguments polis - correct answersocial idea for human reason and conversation with one another "city state" Agora - correct answeropen market place in Athens, a place where crowds would gather for political speech and discussion Plato - correct answerancient greek philosopher of extraordinary significance, he not only preserved Socrates teachings for future generations, but also contributed original ideas on a wide range of issues such as morality, politics, metaphysics, and epistemology Xenophen - correct answerbiographer of Socrates and his student in his youth, a soldier and writer. he wrote histories of practical treatsies on leadership, horsemanship, hunting, and economics. Fought for Greeks and Spartans. The Oracle at Delphi - correct answerstated that no man was wiser than Socrates and stated to "know thyself" Dialetic - correct answerfrom the greek work to "argue" or "converse" a dynamic exchange or method invovling contradiction or a technique for establishing an informed conclusion Sophist - correct answerinfluential group of traveling educators who teach rheotoric and oration for a fee. Many sophists believed truth to be relative Irony - correct answera form of rheotoric that has at least two conflicting levels of meaning- an obvious one and a hidden one Psyche - correct answerthe true self or soul, which is immortal and imperishable Dualistic - correct answertwofold. related to dualism, the view that material substance (physical body) and immaterial substance (mind or soul) are two seperate aspects of the self St. Augustine - correct answer354-430. Christian philosopher and Bishop of Hippo in North Africa. Augustine's synthesis of Platonic and Christian concepts was a major influence in the developement of medevil Christian doctrine and Western philosophy Rene Descartes - correct answerFrench philosopher considered the founder of modern philosophy. A mathematician and a scientist as well. A leader of the 17th century revolution. Analyzed the established knowledge of the time theologian - correct answerthe study of God neoplatonism - correct answermovement against Plato's beliefs rationalism - correct answerthe view that reason is primary source of all knowledge and that our reasoning abilities can enable us to understand sense experience and reach accurate conclusions empiricism - correct answerthe view that sense experience is the primary source of all knowledge and taht only a careful attention to sense experience can enable us to understand the world and achieve accurate conclusions John Locke - correct answerBritish philosopher and physician who laid the groundwork for empiricist approach to philosophical questions: believed that the mind was a blank slate in which experience writes David Hume - correct answerScottish philosopher whose skeptical examinations of religion, ethics, and history were to make him a controversial 18th century figure Immanuel Kant - correct answerGerman philosopher considered by many to be the greatest thinker of the 18th century. Kant attempted to synthesize the two competing schools of the modern period, rationalism and empiricism, by showing the important role both experience and reason play in constructing our knowledge of the world Sigmond Freud - correct answerAustrian doctor who founded psychanalytic school of psycholgy. Focused on unconscious and cures to emntal health Gilbert Ryle - correct answerAnalytic philosopher. An important figure in the field known as Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language. He mounted an attack against Cartesian mind/body dualism and supported a behavorist theory of mind category mistake - correct answerlogical error physicalism - correct answerthe philosophical view that all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be fully explained by physical leaves functionalism - correct answercontends that the mind can be explained in terms of patterns of sensory inputs and behavior outputs mediated by functionally defined mental states eliminative materialism - correct answerthe radical claim that our ordinary, commonsense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental staes posited by common sense do not actually exist Paul Churchland - correct answercontemporary American philosopher and professor at UCSD. Interests are teh philosphy of science, mind, artificial intelligence and neurobiology, epistemology, and perception. Phenomenology - correct answera philosophical approach that attempts to give a direct description of our experience as it is in itself, without taking into account its psychological orgin or casual explanations Edmond Husserl - correct answerGerman philosopher who founded the field of phenomenology . Maurice Merleau-Ponty - correct answerFrench philosopher whose thinking was influenced by Husserl. Objected to philosophies that underestimated teh significance of the body and argued that perception is fundamental to the knowledge of our world