RS Exam Study Guide With Complete Solution

The most plentiful form of available water is - Answer Groundwater Waterborne diseases - Answer Sickness or Ailment that results from ingestion of water that is harboring a pathogen. Water-washed diseases - Answer Sickness or ailment is spread by the fecal-oral route or Person-to-Person contact and facilitated by the lack of adequate water for personal hygiene Water-based infections - Answer Ingestion of a pathogenic agent carried in water. Water-related diseases - Answer Sickness or ailment facilitated by insect vectors that breed in water Inhalation of contaminated water aerosols - Answer Inhalation of Bacteria in Hot Tubs, Hot Water tanks The etiologic agent of cyclosporiasis is - Answer Cyclospora Cayetanesis (Protozoa) A food associated with cyclosporiasis is - Answer Raspberries & Lettuce Most waterborne disease fatalities occurred before 1940 and were attributed to the waterborne illness - Answer Typhoid Fever Waters suitable for drinking water supplies and shellfish rearing are monitored Routinely for - Answer Microbiological Quality Only___________of the global content of water constitutes fresh water - Answer 2.6% A waterborne disease that can be prevented through vaccinations is - Answer poliomyelitis The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that__________of all diseases are attributable to inadequate water or sanitation - Answer 80% Viral infections readily spread through drinking water, food and water-contact recreation activities due to: - Answer The low infectious dose of viral and protozoan pathogens What is Shigellosis specific agent? - Answer Shigella What is Shigellosis reservoir? - Answer Feces of carrier and infected people What are the symptoms of Shigellosis? - Answer abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea, blood and mucus in stool What is the incubation period of Shigellosis? - Answer 1-7 days, average 4 days Botulism specific agent? - Answer Clostridium botulinum /C. parabotulinum toxin Botulism reservoir? - Answer soil, dust, fruit, veg, food, mud, fish, feces Botulism symptoms? - Answer diarrhea, vomiting/nausea Botulism incubation period? - Answer 2- 8 days , avg 12-36 hr Bacillus cereus food poisoning (Emetic Type) specific agent? - Answer Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus food poisoning (Emetic Type) reservoir? - Answer spores in cereal, spice, veg, milk Bacillus cereus food poisoning (Emetic Type) symptoms? - Answer diarrhea, vomiting/nausea Bacillus cereus food poisoning (Emetic Type) incubation period? - Answer 1-6 hr Bacillus cereus foodborne illness (Diarrheal Type) specific agent - Answer Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus foodborne illness (Diarrheal Type) reservoir? - Answer spores in cereal, spice, veg,milk Bacillus cereus foodborne illness (Diarrheal Type) symptoms? - Answer diarrhea, cramps, vomiting/nausea Bacillus cereus foodborne illness (Diarrheal Type) incubation period? - Answer 6-16 hrs Typhoid Fever specific agent? - Answer Typhoid bacillus Typhoid Fever reservoir? - Answer Feces/urine of typhoid carrier/patient Typhoid Fever symptoms? - Answer Flu-like, fever, rose spots, diarrhea Typhoid Fever incubation period? - Answer 14 days, avg 7-21 days Campylobacter enteritis specific agent? - Answer Campylobacter Campylobacter enteritis reservoir? - Answer chicken, swine, dogs, cats, man, raw milk Campylobacter enteritis symptoms? - Answer watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, chills Campylobacter enteritis incubation period? - Answer 1-10 days, avg 2-5 days Amebiasis specific agent? - Answer Entamobea histolytica Amebiasis reservoir? - Answer bowel discharges of carrier of infected person Amebiasis symptoms? - Answer loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, blood, mucus Amebiasis incubation period? - Answer 5 days or longer, avg 2-4 weeks Staphylococcus food poisoning specific agent? - Answer Staphylococci Staphylococcus food poisoning reservoir? - Answer skin, mucus, membranes, puss, dust Staphylococcus food poisoning symptoms? - Answer acute nausea, vomiting, nausea Staphylococcus food poisoning incubation period? - Answer 1-6 hr, avg 2-4 hrs Cholera specific agent? - Answer Vibrio cholerae Cholera reservoir? - Answer feces, vomitus, carriers Cholera symptoms? - Answer diarrhea, rice water stools, vomiting, thirst, pain, coma Cholera incubation period? - Answer 1 hr - 5 days, avg 3 days Yersiniosis specific agent? - Answer Yersina entercolitica Yersiniosis reservoir? - Answer wild and domestic animals, birds, man, surface water Yersiniosis symptoms? - Answer diarrhea, cramps, fever, headache, vomiting, rash Yersiniosis incubation period? - Answer 3-7 days, avg 2-3 days Trichinosis specific agent? - Answer Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis reservoir? - Answer pigs, bears, boars, rats, foxes, wolves Trichinosis symptoms? - Answer nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, swelling of face/eyes Trichinosis incubation period? - Answer 2-28 days , avg 9 days Cryptospordiosis specific agent? - Answer Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptospordiosis reservoir? - Answer farm animals, man, fowl, cat Cryptospordiosis symptoms? - Answer flu-like, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea Cryptospordiosis incubation period? - Answer 2-21 days, avg 2-10 days Clostridium perfringins food poisoning specific agent? - Answer Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringins food poisoning reservoir? - Answer soil, GI tract Clostridium perfringins food poisoning symptoms? - Answer sudden abdominal pain then diarrhea/nausea Clostridium perfringins food poisoning incubation period? - Answer 8-22 hrs, avg 10-12 hr Giardiasis specific agent? - Answer Giardia lamblia Giardiasis symptoms? - Answer prolonged diarrhea, abdominal cramps, severe weightloss Giardiasis incubation period? - Answer 6-22 days, avg 9 days Listeriosis specific agent? - Answer Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis reservoir? - Answer goats, cattle, man, fowl, soil, water, sewage Listeriosis incubation period? - Answer 2 days to 3 weeks Scombroid fish poisoning specific agent? - Answer scombrotoxin Scombroid fish poisoning reservoir? - Answer Scrombridea family tuna, bluefish, amberjack Scombroid fish poisoning incubation period? - Answer minutes to 1hr Prior to the 19th Century, civilization regarded the onset of infections being caused by foul air, commonly called - Answer Miasma Diseases such as typhus,_____________, ____________,and__________were common in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world prior to the 20th century. - Answer typhoid, cholera, dysentery Who was John Snow and what was his role in the cholera epidemic of 1849 and 1854? - Answer John Snow was a physician in London who researched the cause and agent of transmission for Cholera outbreaks. In 1849 he tracked the outbreak to the town well and a residence closeby to the well. In 1854 he tracked the outbreak to the Thames River and the microbes therein. What role did Robert Koch play in the study of cholera in the 1880s? - Answer He isolated and cultured Vibrio cholerae from feces and polluted water, thus connecting this microorganism to the Cholera disease. Water treatment, specifically the application of disinfectant, has practically eliminated many of the traditional waterborne diseases in developed countries, However waterborne diseases such as;______________,_____________and ____________still occur. - Answer Hepatitis A, Giardiasis, and Cryptosporidosis Waterborne diseases in the U.S. occur more frequently in__________water systems. - Answer non community Drinking water contaminated with________is the principle cause of waterborne diseases? - Answer sewage Cryptosporidium oocysts can survive in surface water at 4 0C for_____months. - Answer 18+ What are the six barriers of a multiple barrier plan of water treatment to ensure the safety of the consumer? - Answer 1) Source Water Protection 2) Water Treatment Plant Processes 3) Disinfection Practices 4) Distribution Systems 5) Security 6) Education What do security concerns of a water treatment system take into account? - Answer Involves the physical watch on the treatment system against the possibility of unlawful entry, with the intent to disrupt or compromise treatment operations and goal of producing quality water. What are the EPA recommendations for a minimum state regulatory program regarding the surveillance of a public water supply? - Answer 1) Statute should define the scope of state authority and responsibility. 2) Water quality sampling. 3) Onsite inspection by a qualified individual. What is involved in the security of water treatment facilities? - Answer Physical watch & segregation to avoid tampering and vandalism. Schistosomiasis is largely endemic to________,__________,and__________. - Answer Africa, Asia, South America Schistosomiasis is spread by freshwater _______________. - Answer snails It is estimated that there are more than____________cases or more annually of schistosomiasis and the number is expected to increase. - Answer 300 million Bioterrorism - Answer Disruptive and health-threatening event directed at an individual, group, community,or population, and is facilitated by the intentional release of a highly virulent biological agent Biologic Agent - Answer Microorganism or a biologically synthesized toxin that causes disease in man, plants, or animals or causes deterioration of materials. Describe some of the earliest attempts of bioterrorism is the 14th, 15th and 18th centuries. - Answer 1346 - Mongols catipulted diseased bodies of their enemy 1422 - Dead bodies used as a weapon at the Bohemian castle at Karlstein 1710 - Dead bodies catapulted over the city walls of Reval by the Russians The selection of an agent to be used in an act of terrorism should satisfy seven properties. What are they? - Answer 1) be readily available 2) easy to produce on large scale 3) be highly virulent for lethal or incapacitory purposes 4) be appropriate size for aerisolization & uptake 5) easy to disseminate 6) environmentally stable 7) dispersible in a way that will harm target & not terrorists Explain the difference between a Category A, B, and C Agents as it relates to bioterrorism. - Answer A - High priority preparedness B - Enhanced preparedness & monitoring C - Continued review of threat List three Category A Agents - Answer Variola virus (Smallpox) Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Versina pestis (Plague) List three Category B Agents - Answer Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) Brucella spp (Brucelosis) Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) List three Category C Agents - Answer Nipah Virus Yellow Fever Multi-drug resistant TB Discuss the possibility of smallpox as a viable bioterrorism tool. - Answer It is highly virulent and deadly, but is currently only accessible by trusted officials in the U.S. and Russia. Due to the fact that it is not readily available, it is not a viable Bioterrorism tool. Define Communicable Disease and describe how communicable diseases are transmitted. - Answer Illness due to a specific infectious agent Transmission from infected host to susceptible host List five core health problems of developing countries. - Answer Malaria HIV Tiberculosis Cholera Malnutrition What are three factors that make developing countries susceptible to illnesses listed in the above question? - Answer 1) Contaminated Drinking Water 2) Unhygenic Housing 3) Poor Sanitation When a country shifts from infectious disease mortality to chronic disease mortality, the country is said to have undergone an - Answer epidemiologic transition