Terrorism, Organised
and Corporate Crime
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
Table of Contents
I. ORGANISED CRIME
BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 5
SUBSTANTIVE PART................................................................................................................. 7
THE BUMPY POLICY CAREER OF ORGANISED CRIME.........................................................9
THE CONCEPT – AMBIGUOUS, CONTESTED.......................................................................10
HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW......................................................................10
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................15
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES............................................................................................. 17
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................. 19
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................20
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................20
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 20
CONTRADICTORY UNDERSTANDINGS OF “MAFIA”............................................................20
THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA.................................................................................................... 21
DEFINITION OF (CRIMINAL) ORGANISATION....................................................................21
FIVE ICONIC MAFIAS............................................................................................................. 22
THE SEVEN TYPIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE “ICONIC FIVE”...............................22
LONGEVITY............................................................................................................................. 22
FORMALIZED INTERNAL STRUCTURE.................................................................................23
ELABORATE CULTURAL APPARATUS..................................................................................24
MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY........................................................................................................ 25
CLAIM TO EXERCISE POLITICAL POWER AND PROVIDE GOVERNANCE........................26
POPULAR LEGITIMACY AND POWER SHARING AGREEMENTS WITH STATE
AUTHORITIES......................................................................................................................... 26
DECLINE: 8TH COMMON TRAIT? AND THE REPRESSION OF THE MAFIA......................26
ITALIAN MAFIA GROUPS’ REACTION TO REPRESSION HAS BEEN MANIFOLD..............28
THE DEFEAT OF MAFIA......................................................................................................... 28
MAFIAS V. LATIN AMERICAN CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS...............................................29
................................................................................................................................................. 29
................................................................................................................................................. 29
................................................................................................................................................. 30
................................................................................................................................................. 30
“CANDIDATE CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS”........................................................................30
1
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
CRUCIAL ROLE OF STATE: MAFIA AND OTHER LARGE CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS
CONSOLIDATE IN THREE SCENARIOS:...............................................................................31
CENTRAL PARADOX............................................................................................................... 31
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................... 32
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................. 32
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................32
STUDY QUESTIONS:............................................................................................................... 33
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................34
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................34
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................. 34
OC IN THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM IN A NUTSHELL.............................................35
OC IN THE NETHERLANDS: THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE ORGANISED CRIME MONITOR
................................................................................................................................................. 35
FOURTH REPORT (2012): WHERE’S THE MONEY?.............................................................37
FIFTH REPORT (2019):HOW DOES USE OF IT AFFECT CRIMINAL OPERATIONS OF OC-
GROUPS?................................................................................................................................. 38
OC IN BELGIUM: THE STATISTICS OF THE FEDERAL POLICE..........................................38
FINDINGS FROM RECENT PROJECTS ON CANNABIS CULTIVATION, COCAINE AND
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN BELGIUM....................................................................................40
BEYOND “TRANSIT CRIME”: NORTH BRABANT AND MOTORCYCLE CLUBS...................42
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 43
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................43
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................44
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................44
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 44
THE CONSTRAINTS OF ILLEGALITY: THE DISORGANIZED NATURE OF OC IN THE EU. 44
THE VARIETY OF OC ACTIVITIES.........................................................................................45
MONEY LAUNDERING............................................................................................................ 49
ASSESSING THE HARMS AND COSTS OF OC......................................................................51
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 52
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................53
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................54
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................54
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 54
WHAT ARE REALISTIC GOALS FOR OC CONTROL POLICIES?...........................................54
WHAT HAVE NATIONAL STATE AUTHORITIES DONE AGAINST OC?................................55
THE FOUR ROUTES TO CONTROL OC AT EU LEVEL...........................................................56
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................60
2
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................60
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 60
DEFINING WHITE-COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME........................................................61
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................64
THEORIES............................................................................................................................... 65
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 69
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................69
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR NEXT CLASS..................................................70
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................71
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................71
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 71
PATTERNS............................................................................................................................... 72
HARMS.................................................................................................................................... 78
CC AND THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS.................................................................................79
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................ 81
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................81
COMPULSORY READINGS..................................................................................................... 82
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................82
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 83
TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF CONTROL...............................................................................83
TWO MAIN PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL AND THEIR COMBINATION.................................87
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................ 88
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS ON CORPORATE CRIME......................................................88
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................88
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................90
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................90
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 91
DEFINITIONS.......................................................................................................................... 91
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................96
THEORIES............................................................................................................................... 97
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 99
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................99
COMPULSORY READINGS................................................................................................... 100
BACKGROUND TEXTS USED FOR THIS CLASS.................................................................100
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS..............................................................................100
OUTLINE............................................................................................................................... 101
A GLOBAL VIEW: THE GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX........................................................101
3
and Corporate Crime
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
Table of Contents
I. ORGANISED CRIME
BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 5
SUBSTANTIVE PART................................................................................................................. 7
THE BUMPY POLICY CAREER OF ORGANISED CRIME.........................................................9
THE CONCEPT – AMBIGUOUS, CONTESTED.......................................................................10
HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW......................................................................10
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................15
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES............................................................................................. 17
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................. 19
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................20
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................20
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 20
CONTRADICTORY UNDERSTANDINGS OF “MAFIA”............................................................20
THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA.................................................................................................... 21
DEFINITION OF (CRIMINAL) ORGANISATION....................................................................21
FIVE ICONIC MAFIAS............................................................................................................. 22
THE SEVEN TYPIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE “ICONIC FIVE”...............................22
LONGEVITY............................................................................................................................. 22
FORMALIZED INTERNAL STRUCTURE.................................................................................23
ELABORATE CULTURAL APPARATUS..................................................................................24
MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY........................................................................................................ 25
CLAIM TO EXERCISE POLITICAL POWER AND PROVIDE GOVERNANCE........................26
POPULAR LEGITIMACY AND POWER SHARING AGREEMENTS WITH STATE
AUTHORITIES......................................................................................................................... 26
DECLINE: 8TH COMMON TRAIT? AND THE REPRESSION OF THE MAFIA......................26
ITALIAN MAFIA GROUPS’ REACTION TO REPRESSION HAS BEEN MANIFOLD..............28
THE DEFEAT OF MAFIA......................................................................................................... 28
MAFIAS V. LATIN AMERICAN CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS...............................................29
................................................................................................................................................. 29
................................................................................................................................................. 29
................................................................................................................................................. 30
................................................................................................................................................. 30
“CANDIDATE CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS”........................................................................30
1
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
CRUCIAL ROLE OF STATE: MAFIA AND OTHER LARGE CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS
CONSOLIDATE IN THREE SCENARIOS:...............................................................................31
CENTRAL PARADOX............................................................................................................... 31
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................... 32
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................. 32
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................32
STUDY QUESTIONS:............................................................................................................... 33
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................34
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................34
OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................. 34
OC IN THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM IN A NUTSHELL.............................................35
OC IN THE NETHERLANDS: THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE ORGANISED CRIME MONITOR
................................................................................................................................................. 35
FOURTH REPORT (2012): WHERE’S THE MONEY?.............................................................37
FIFTH REPORT (2019):HOW DOES USE OF IT AFFECT CRIMINAL OPERATIONS OF OC-
GROUPS?................................................................................................................................. 38
OC IN BELGIUM: THE STATISTICS OF THE FEDERAL POLICE..........................................38
FINDINGS FROM RECENT PROJECTS ON CANNABIS CULTIVATION, COCAINE AND
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN BELGIUM....................................................................................40
BEYOND “TRANSIT CRIME”: NORTH BRABANT AND MOTORCYCLE CLUBS...................42
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 43
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................43
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................44
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................44
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 44
THE CONSTRAINTS OF ILLEGALITY: THE DISORGANIZED NATURE OF OC IN THE EU. 44
THE VARIETY OF OC ACTIVITIES.........................................................................................45
MONEY LAUNDERING............................................................................................................ 49
ASSESSING THE HARMS AND COSTS OF OC......................................................................51
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 52
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................53
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................54
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................54
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 54
WHAT ARE REALISTIC GOALS FOR OC CONTROL POLICIES?...........................................54
WHAT HAVE NATIONAL STATE AUTHORITIES DONE AGAINST OC?................................55
THE FOUR ROUTES TO CONTROL OC AT EU LEVEL...........................................................56
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................60
2
, TERRORISM, ORGANISED AND CORPORATE CRIME
Academic year 2022/23
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................60
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 60
DEFINING WHITE-COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME........................................................61
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................64
THEORIES............................................................................................................................... 65
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 69
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................69
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR NEXT CLASS..................................................70
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................71
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................71
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 71
PATTERNS............................................................................................................................... 72
HARMS.................................................................................................................................... 78
CC AND THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS.................................................................................79
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................ 81
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................81
COMPULSORY READINGS..................................................................................................... 82
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS................................................................................82
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 83
TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF CONTROL...............................................................................83
TWO MAIN PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL AND THEIR COMBINATION.................................87
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................ 88
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS ON CORPORATE CRIME......................................................88
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................88
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR THIS CLASS........................................................................90
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THIS CLASS...................................................90
OUTLINE................................................................................................................................. 91
DEFINITIONS.......................................................................................................................... 91
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................96
THEORIES............................................................................................................................... 97
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 99
COMPULSORY READINGS FOR NEXT CLASS.......................................................................99
COMPULSORY READINGS................................................................................................... 100
BACKGROUND TEXTS USED FOR THIS CLASS.................................................................100
STUDY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS..............................................................................100
OUTLINE............................................................................................................................... 101
A GLOBAL VIEW: THE GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX........................................................101
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