Pharmacology Final Exam (Antimicrobial & Diabetes) with complete solution

Pharmacology Final Exam (Antimicrobial & Diabetes) with complete solution What are the four main principles of antimicrobial stewardship? - answer1. Surveillance, prevention, and control of antimicrobial resistant infections 2. Research 3. Regulatory pathways for new products 4. Product development Does the antibiotic itself directly cause resistance - answerNo, not directly mutagenic to cause the genetic changes resulting in resistance Conjugation - answerProcess in which a bacterium possesses extra chromosomal DNA that can be transferred to another bacterium Define Antimicrobial - answerAn agent with the ability to kill or suppress microorganisms Innate Resistance - answerSome microbes that have resistance to certain antimicrobial agents naturally Ex: E.coli innate resistance to vancomycin due ti nturally small porin channel within its cell wall. Broad spectrum antibiotics - answerAntimicrobial activity agonist a wide number of microbe Narrow spectrum Antibiotics - answerAntimicrobial activity against a limited number of microbe species Spontaneous mutation - answerRandom changes in genes of microbes during replication --> usually results in resistance in one antimicrobial drug What are the four basic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance? - answer1. Reduction of drug concentration at the site of action 2. Alteration of drug target molecules 3. Antagonist production 4. Drug inactivation