Cognitive behavioral therapy
primary goals - correct answer use the innate feelings of pleasure and pain as guided throught life,
people perceive, interpret, and learn from experiences
they draw conclusions, make predictions and generate goals
refers to the ways people use to understand their environment and themselves, such as their
perceptions, sensations, learning, memory, and other psychological processes.
if humans did not have the capacity to take in relevant information, synthesizing it, and building a plan of
action based on the synthesis, they would not survive.
which is a theory, set of techniques, and system of strategies, focuses on people's thinking as the
primary pathway to change.
Using the innate feelings of pleasure and pain as guides throughout life, people perceive, interpret, and
learn from experiences.
Cognitive therapists acknowledge that children have different temperaments that push them in diverse
directions. Therefore, children and adults are more likely to perceive the same event differently.
cognitive structures - correct answer of a person represent the organization of information stored in
memory
serve as filters, screening the ongoing experiences of life.
Cognitive content - correct answer relates to the information that is stored—the substance of cognitive
structures.
Schema - correct answer Together cognitive structures and content comprise what is known as a schema
which grows from the processing of life experiences.
A schema acts as a person's core philosophy, influencing expectations and screening information based
on that core philosophy.
The schema then affects the consistency in the person's cognition, behavior, and affect
exist on a continuum of adaptive to maladaptive.
,adaptive functioning - correct answer well to life situations, our ability to function in our various roles is
not impaired by errors in thinking, emotional distress is not disproportional to our realistic problems,
and our behavioral strategies facilitate rather than impede attainment of our goals. Our cognitive,
affective, motivational, and behavioral systems function to meet basic needs and equip us with strategies
to protect from physical or interpersonal harm. The affective system provides the emotional fabric of our
lives: affection to forge and maintain relationships, pleasure to reward enhancing activities, anxiety to
signal danger, sadness to underscore loss or defeat, and anger to counter offense
biased information-processing system - correct answer produces thinking errors, inaccurate meaning,
content, and information.
According to Beck's model, maladaptive schemas develop in childhood and may not interfere with a
person's thinking until a trigger is encountered in adulthood. The risk for negatively biased schemas
includes genetic influences (Gibb, Beever, & McGeary, 2013) and environmental effects that shape
attention and interactions.
four levels of cognition, according to Beck and Weishaar (2014) - correct answer four levels of cognition,
or cognitive con- tent, within a person that are hierarchically organized based on a person's awareness of
the thoughts and the stability of the thought: automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, core beliefs, and
schemas.
Automatic thoughts - correct answer a person's habits of the mind that are immediate, and self-talk, a
person's private everyday commentary, are one level of the cognitive model. An example from a
psychologically healthy person would be something like this: "I made a goal in the soccer match. I
practiced really hard and all that work paid off." Automatic thoughts connect a situation and an emotion
and reflect the meaning a person gives the situation.
Intermediate beliefs - correct answer reflect the absolute rules and attitudes that influence a person's
automatic thoughts. For the example above, an intermediate thought might be that working hard pays
dividends or a less healthy approach would be "I got lucky."
Core beliefs - correct answer are the significant ideas about ourselves from which many auto- matic
thoughts and many intermediate beliefs grow. Judith Beck (2011) explained that core beliefs are global,
overly generalized, and absolute but are not necessar- ily true. The beliefs may have started in childhood.
Core beliefs reflect a person's view of the world, people, and the future as well as the sense of self and
apply those across events in a person's experiences. Core beliefs can be modified and may be healthy
such as "I am capable." Many negative core beliefs are either helpless beliefs ("I am a failure"; "I am
weak") or unlovable beliefs ("I am not good enough"; "People will always abandon me"). As counselors
hear automatic thoughts, they can begin to discern patterns of core beliefs and build hypotheses to be
, shared with the client when it is appropriate. Clients learn to consider core beliefs as ideas rather than as
truth and to evaluate and change those beliefs if such modification is needed
Schemas, - correct answer are core beliefs, such as danger, violation, loss, and gain; emotional schemas
are core emotions, such as anxiety, anger, joy, and sadness.
Motivational schemas are the core impulses: to escape or avoid, to attack, to grieve, or to approach.
Physiological schemas are the body's autonomic, motor, and sensory systems.
Finally, behavioral schemas are core actions such as smiling, shaking, and crying.
Cognitive counseling - correct answer usually starts with the automatic thoughts and moves to
identifying, evaluating, and changing intermediate and core beliefs, then to modifying schemas.
organization of schemas - correct answer that connects beliefs, memories, reflections, and self-
evaluations.
That network of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral components are used in the pursuit of
goals. Modes represent those connections across the network.
These systems have overlapping components such as the cognition of danger, the emotion of fear, the
mo- tivation to escape, and the behavior of fleeing—all of these components form the anxiety mode.
The thoughts with which people consider their circumstances powerfully influence their emotional-
motivational-behavioral response
Cognitive distortion - correct answer are the processes in the model.
Distortions convert incoming information to keep cognitive schema intact.
They use the assimilation process to maintain homeostasis.
Miguel's schema reflects his perception of incompetence: he believes he cannot do anything well
(schema)
He feels anxious (emotion)
primary goals - correct answer use the innate feelings of pleasure and pain as guided throught life,
people perceive, interpret, and learn from experiences
they draw conclusions, make predictions and generate goals
refers to the ways people use to understand their environment and themselves, such as their
perceptions, sensations, learning, memory, and other psychological processes.
if humans did not have the capacity to take in relevant information, synthesizing it, and building a plan of
action based on the synthesis, they would not survive.
which is a theory, set of techniques, and system of strategies, focuses on people's thinking as the
primary pathway to change.
Using the innate feelings of pleasure and pain as guides throughout life, people perceive, interpret, and
learn from experiences.
Cognitive therapists acknowledge that children have different temperaments that push them in diverse
directions. Therefore, children and adults are more likely to perceive the same event differently.
cognitive structures - correct answer of a person represent the organization of information stored in
memory
serve as filters, screening the ongoing experiences of life.
Cognitive content - correct answer relates to the information that is stored—the substance of cognitive
structures.
Schema - correct answer Together cognitive structures and content comprise what is known as a schema
which grows from the processing of life experiences.
A schema acts as a person's core philosophy, influencing expectations and screening information based
on that core philosophy.
The schema then affects the consistency in the person's cognition, behavior, and affect
exist on a continuum of adaptive to maladaptive.
,adaptive functioning - correct answer well to life situations, our ability to function in our various roles is
not impaired by errors in thinking, emotional distress is not disproportional to our realistic problems,
and our behavioral strategies facilitate rather than impede attainment of our goals. Our cognitive,
affective, motivational, and behavioral systems function to meet basic needs and equip us with strategies
to protect from physical or interpersonal harm. The affective system provides the emotional fabric of our
lives: affection to forge and maintain relationships, pleasure to reward enhancing activities, anxiety to
signal danger, sadness to underscore loss or defeat, and anger to counter offense
biased information-processing system - correct answer produces thinking errors, inaccurate meaning,
content, and information.
According to Beck's model, maladaptive schemas develop in childhood and may not interfere with a
person's thinking until a trigger is encountered in adulthood. The risk for negatively biased schemas
includes genetic influences (Gibb, Beever, & McGeary, 2013) and environmental effects that shape
attention and interactions.
four levels of cognition, according to Beck and Weishaar (2014) - correct answer four levels of cognition,
or cognitive con- tent, within a person that are hierarchically organized based on a person's awareness of
the thoughts and the stability of the thought: automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, core beliefs, and
schemas.
Automatic thoughts - correct answer a person's habits of the mind that are immediate, and self-talk, a
person's private everyday commentary, are one level of the cognitive model. An example from a
psychologically healthy person would be something like this: "I made a goal in the soccer match. I
practiced really hard and all that work paid off." Automatic thoughts connect a situation and an emotion
and reflect the meaning a person gives the situation.
Intermediate beliefs - correct answer reflect the absolute rules and attitudes that influence a person's
automatic thoughts. For the example above, an intermediate thought might be that working hard pays
dividends or a less healthy approach would be "I got lucky."
Core beliefs - correct answer are the significant ideas about ourselves from which many auto- matic
thoughts and many intermediate beliefs grow. Judith Beck (2011) explained that core beliefs are global,
overly generalized, and absolute but are not necessar- ily true. The beliefs may have started in childhood.
Core beliefs reflect a person's view of the world, people, and the future as well as the sense of self and
apply those across events in a person's experiences. Core beliefs can be modified and may be healthy
such as "I am capable." Many negative core beliefs are either helpless beliefs ("I am a failure"; "I am
weak") or unlovable beliefs ("I am not good enough"; "People will always abandon me"). As counselors
hear automatic thoughts, they can begin to discern patterns of core beliefs and build hypotheses to be
, shared with the client when it is appropriate. Clients learn to consider core beliefs as ideas rather than as
truth and to evaluate and change those beliefs if such modification is needed
Schemas, - correct answer are core beliefs, such as danger, violation, loss, and gain; emotional schemas
are core emotions, such as anxiety, anger, joy, and sadness.
Motivational schemas are the core impulses: to escape or avoid, to attack, to grieve, or to approach.
Physiological schemas are the body's autonomic, motor, and sensory systems.
Finally, behavioral schemas are core actions such as smiling, shaking, and crying.
Cognitive counseling - correct answer usually starts with the automatic thoughts and moves to
identifying, evaluating, and changing intermediate and core beliefs, then to modifying schemas.
organization of schemas - correct answer that connects beliefs, memories, reflections, and self-
evaluations.
That network of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral components are used in the pursuit of
goals. Modes represent those connections across the network.
These systems have overlapping components such as the cognition of danger, the emotion of fear, the
mo- tivation to escape, and the behavior of fleeing—all of these components form the anxiety mode.
The thoughts with which people consider their circumstances powerfully influence their emotional-
motivational-behavioral response
Cognitive distortion - correct answer are the processes in the model.
Distortions convert incoming information to keep cognitive schema intact.
They use the assimilation process to maintain homeostasis.
Miguel's schema reflects his perception of incompetence: he believes he cannot do anything well
(schema)
He feels anxious (emotion)
