CIC- Infection Prevention and Control Exam 1 Correct 100%

Professional standards and guidelines to help control infections - Answer -the centers for disease control (CDC) -the agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) -JCAHO or TJC (the joint commission) -Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) -Public Health Department -American Nurses Association (ANA) What is the chain of infection? - Answer 1. infectious agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa) 2. reservoir (has to have reservoir to grow--humans, animals, bigs, food, or water) 3. portal of exit (sneezing, coughing) 4. mode of transmission (you can touch it then put in mouth. organisms: need food, water, certain pH, dark and moist area) 5. portal of entry 6. host (have to be susceptible to infection **how it exits is same as entry*** What are influencing factors? - Answer -not well nourished -exhausted -stressed -smokers -medications What are some risk factors that make a person more susceptible to disease? - Answer -very old and very young -at risk...chronic diseases -diabetes -immunodeficiency What are sites that can predispose patients to infection? - Answer -surgical wounds -respiratory tract -genitourinary tract -invasive devices -bloodstream ---always have clean skin -venipuncture sites -total parenteral nutrition therapy (TPN) --gives nutrition through IV -implanted prosthetic devices What are defenses against infection? - Answer -normal floras (help kill other bacteria that gets on body; microorganisms that don't cause problems -body system defenses (blinking, crying) -inflammation -vascular and cellular responses (if organisms stay where they are supposed to be, everything will be okay) What is the inflammation process? - Answer -formation of inflammatory exudate --serous (clear fluid)** --sanguineous (blood)** --purulent (infection) -tissue repair --granulation (not as strong as original tissue) ---when you have a cut: body's natural response --brown, red, green; indicates infection systemic infection:cant control localized infection **natural inflammatory response What is the course of infection? - Answer 1. incubation period: pathogens enters body prior to symptoms 2. prodromal stage: symptoms kind of start (no energy, tired) (miroraganism is multiplying) 3. illness stage: know what's going on, ex-sore throat 4. convalescence: symptoms and infections dissapear but illness is lingering What is the infection process? - Answer -local/systemic (stays in one spot ex: UTI) -primary/secondary- Primary: infection happened there. secondary: antibiotics kill primary but cause another infection -acute/chronic (acute: rapid/onset Chronic: lasts for a long time ) -colonization (microorganism in body but not causing disease process ex: MRSA) -latent (lies dormant ex: TB has been cured but dormant and can be activated) Assessment--physical - Answer -clinical appearance --intactness of 1st line of defense (any breaks in the skin, health status?) --local symptom of infection ---REDA (redness, edema, drainage, approximation) ---COCA (color, odor, consistency, amount) --systemic symptoms of infection --symptoms specific to body system involved assessment--physical (lab data) - Answer -WBC=5,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood (if WBC count goes up that means theres an infection somewhere) -ESR-presence of inflammation --culture reports (blood cultures, throats swabs Clinical manifestations--local - Answer ex: infection in the thumb -redness -inflammation -heat -pain -drainage -movement -limitation clinical manifestations--systemic - Answer -fever -fatigue (malaise) -nausea/vomiting -high HR and respirations -low BP **when heart rate goes up, BP goes down and decreases blood supply to the brain **older people don't get signs but changes in mental health ex: confusion What are the modes of transmission--contact? - Answer -direct (physical contact ex: shaking hands with someone who is sick) -indirect (infectious agent deposited on object/surface ex: someone touches table after sick person leaves dirty tissues) -droplet (coughing, sneezing, or during suctioning ex: breathing dirty air, someone coughs in your face) what are the modes of transmission--non contact? - Answer -airborne (droplet nuclei suspended in air that contain organisms, suspended in air for a longer period of time) -vehicle (single contaminated source spreads the infection ex: AIDS..some goes out of the country and has sex with someone with AIDS and brings it back and spreads it around the US) -vector-borne (transmission by insect or animals (lyme disease, rabies)