Summary Latin Verb Endings to aid Translation

ACTIVE VERB ENDINGS

Person Present Imperfect Future 1-2 Future 3-5 Perfect Pluperfect
Sg I -o -bam -bo -am -i -eram
You (sg) -s -bas -bis -es -isti -eras
S/he/it -t -bat -bit -et -it -erat
Pl We -mus -bamus -bimus -emus -imus -eramus
You (pl) -tis -batis -bitis -etis -istis -eratis
They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -erunt -erant
x was x-ing will x will x x-ed, had x-ed
have x-
ed


- Imperfect Subjunctive
- The imperfect subjunctive is only used in subordinate clauses at GCSE. How it is
translated depends on the type of subordinate clause in question:

Result Clause portarem I carried / was carrying
cum Clause portarem I carried / was carrying
Indirect Question portarem I carried / was carrying
Fearing Clause portarem I would / might carry
Purpose Clause portarem I would / might carry or (in order) to carry
Indirect Command portarem to carry


- Present active stem – e.g. portare- and the standard active personal endings:

Person Imperfect Subjunctive
Sg I -m
You (sg) -s
S/he/it -t
Pl We -mus
You (pl) -tis
They -nt


- Pluperfect subjunctive
- The pluperfect subjunctive is only used in a couple of subordinate clauses at GCSE:
Indirect Questions and cum Clauses. It is translated just like the indicative pluperfect
tense, i.e. using the auxillary verb had.