portage pathophysiology exam 2 | Questions and Answers with complete solution

True/False: Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? - False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology? - tissue biopsy Explain the TNM system: - T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement. 1. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: 2. What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? - 1. S+S: Bleeding; sore that doesn't heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss 2. Systemic: Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances 1. What are the three possible goals of cancer treatment? 2. How does radiation kill cancer cells? - 1. Curative, control, palliative 2. Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. This leads to the creation of free radicals, which damage cell structures. Radiation can interrupt the cell cycle process, kill cells, or damage DNA in the cells.True/False: Cell proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. - true True/False: Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. - false What are two important properties that stem cells possess? - potency and self-renewal Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? - epithelial (they are constantly being replaced) Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? - Polyps are abnormal growths found on a mucosal lining, such as the intestine, vagina, mouth or nose. Polyps can be benign or malignant.