Integrated Physical Science C165 TEST REVIEW Questions & Answers 2023 Review Rated 100%

Integrated Physical Science C165 TEST REVIEW Questions & Answers 2023 Review Rated 100% the study of forces, energy, motion *** physics study of atoms and molecules, their structures, and their interactions to form various substances. *** Chemistry Earth's structure and composition, as well as the processes that change Earth, such as volcanic and seismic activity. *** Earth Science The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space *** astronomy An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. *** Science a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another *** Precision is a scientific method of expressing the magnitudes or quantities of important natural phenomena. There are seven base units in the system, from which other units are derived. Universal for comparing data. *** SI the sciences concerned with the study of inanimate natural objects, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and related subjects. *** physical science the study of living things *** life science An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time. Or a condition that is being held constant *** controlled experiment what is being changed *** independent variable what is being measured *** dependent variable In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison *** control studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments, the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives. ... Therefore, a sample survey is an example of an observational study. *** Observational experiment or study a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting *** field study Research done in a laboratory *** laboratory study A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models. *** Physical Model a verbal or graphical explanation for how a system works or is organized *** conceptual model one or more equations that represent the way a system or process works *** mathematical model A testable prediction, often implied by a theory *** Hypothesis A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data. Explains why something happened. *** Theory A law in science is a generalized rule to explain a body of observations in the form of a verbal or mathematical statement. Scientific laws (also known as natural laws) imply a cause and effect between the observed elements and must always apply under the same conditions. Explains how it happened not why. *** Law Information obtained through the senses. *** Observation proof *** evidence Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis *** Data Cosmological model that explains the sudden development of the universe through expansion from a hot, dense state. *** Big Bang Theory A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move. *** plate tectonics a theory that states that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. *** atomic theory a metric unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a kilogram. *** gram The meter is the basic unit of length in the SI system of units. ... The previous definition of the meter was one ten-millionth of the distance from the geographic north pole to the equator, measured over the earth's surface in a circle running through Paris, France. *** meter SI base unit for time *** second Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100. *** Celsius The SI base unit of temperature *** Kelvin Basic unit of volume in the metric system *** liter Giga, Mega, Kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano *** Metric Prefixes A unit defined by a combination of base units *** derived unit a relationship in which one variable increases with an increase in another variable *** direct relationship a relationship in which one variable decreases when another variable increases *** inverse relationship The distance an object travels per unit of time *** Speed Speed in a given direction *** Velocity the rate at which velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if its speed, direction, or both change *** Acceleration The length of a path between two points *** distance Distance and direction of an object's change in position from the starting point. *** Displacement Equal forces acting on one object in opposite direction. These forces then give a 0 net force, causing the object to stay in place. *** Balance force unbalanced forces cause a change in motion; speed. and/or direction. When two forces act in the same direction on an object, the net force is. equal to the sum of the two forces. When two unequal forces act in opposite directions. *** unequal force The combination of all forces acting on an object *** net force An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. *** Newton's First Law the amount of matter in an object *** Mass The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion *** Inertia Force equals mass times acceleration *** Newton's Second Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction *** Newton's Third Law A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact *** Friction Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun. *** Gravity an attractive force that acts between any two objects *** gravitational force the force or speed with which something moves *** Momentum One of the most powerful laws in physics is the law of momentum conservation. ... For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. *** law of conservation of momentum Force exerted on an object that causes it to move *** work the ability to do work *** Energy Energy that is stored and held in readiness *** potential energy the energy an object has due to its motion *** kinetic energy Energy stored by objects due to their position above Earth's surface. *** gravitational potential energy the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance *** chemical potential energy the energy of stretched or compressed objects *** elastic potential energy The energy of electric charges *** electrical energy Electromagnetic energy is a term used to describe all the different kinds of energies released into space by stars such as the Sun. These kinds of energies include some that you will recognize and some that will sound strange *** electromagnetic energy Heat energy *** thermal energy the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another *** Law of Conservation of Energy A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place *** wave the act or state of swinging back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm *** oscillation A state of balance *** Equilibrium The material through which a wave travels is called a Gases (air), liquids, solids *** medium A wave that requires a medium through which to travel *** mechanical wave A form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space. *** electromagnetic waves A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels *** transverse wave A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels. Compressed *** longitudinal wave The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together. *** Compression an increase in the volume of a substance while its mass remains the same. Expansion is usually due to heating. When substances are heated, the molecular bonds between their particles are weakened, and the particles move faster, causing the substance to expand. *** expansion The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are far apart *** Rarefaction The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave *** Wavelength the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time *** Frequency the height of a wave's crest or how intense *** Amplitude Highest point of a wave (peak) *** Crest lowest point of a wavelength *** Trough Time for one complete waveform to travel *** Period of a wave All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation *** electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies *** radio waves very short electromagnetic wave; microwave oven (oven that cooks quickly by using microwaves) *** microwave Electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light. *** Infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. *** visable light Electromagnetic radiation of several wavelengths is used to control microbial growth *** ultraviolet light A form of energy that travels in waves that can pass through some living tissue, but not through bone. *** X-ray Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies *** gamma rays a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency *** pitch A physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors *** Loudness Anything that has mass and takes up space *** Matter Basic unit of matter *** Atom partical that carries a positive charge *** Protron A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge *** Neutron A subatomic particle that has a negative charge *** Electron a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found *** electron cloud Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom *** valence electrons A pure substance made of only one kind of atom *** Element the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom *** atomic number An abbreviation for an element or atom *** atomic symbol A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds *** Compound the force that holds two atoms together *** chemical bond A group of atoms bonded together *** Molecule any substance that has a definite composition *** chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen *** organic compounds A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties *** pure substance A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined *** Mixture A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily *** heterogeneous mixture A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture *** homogeneous mixture A mixture of two or more metals *** alloy A state of matter that has a definite shape and volume *** soild A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume *** liquid A state of matter with no definite shape or volume *** Gas A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance *** physical change A change in matter that produces one or more new substances *** chemical change the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances *** chemical reaction A charged atom *** Ion Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another *** ionic bonds A chemical bond formed when when atoms share electrons *** convalent bond a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them *** metallic bond A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties *** periodic table Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. *** Metals Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current *** Nonmetals Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. *** Metalloids supportive; encouraging; helping to bring about *** conductive capable of being shaped *** malleable A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire. *** ductile Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change *** Law of Conservation of Matter A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products *** chemical equation chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation *** balanced chemical equation A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction. *** Coefficient A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound *** Subscript A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction *** Reactant A substance produced in a chemical reaction *** product The change in state from a solid to a liquid *** Melting liquid to solid *** Freezing The change of state from a gas to a liquid *** Condensation Liquid to gas *** Evaporation gas to solid *** Deposition A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid *** Sublimation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object *** Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation A large cloud of dust and gas in space *** Nebula a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. *** nuclear fusion a fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun. *** star A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity *** galaxy Galaxy that contains our Solar System. The name derives from its appearance as a dim "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky, in which the naked eye cannot distinguish individual stars. *** Milky Way Galaxy The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space *** orbit sun, planets, and all the other objects that revolve around the sun *** solar system a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. *** Planets any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter) *** asteroid Small, rocky planets that orbit closest to the sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars *** inner planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune. Called Gas Giants. *** outer planets Smaller objects that orbit a planet *** Moons a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a "tail" of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun. *** Comets an imaginary line about which a turning body such as earth rotates *** axis of rotation 23.5 degrees *** Earth's tilt Earth's outermost layer. *** Crust The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core. *** Mantle A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth *** outer core A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth *** inner core the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals *** physical weathering The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes *** chemical weathering Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation) *** Erosion Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations. *** Deposition when the wind picks up dirt and dust and moves it from one place to another *** wind erosion A deposit of wind-blown sand *** sand dune large bend in the river, formed in the middle and lower courses, have both shallow and steep sections *** River Meander the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them *** river valley A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake *** Delta huge, slow moving sheets of ice *** Glaciers A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence. *** Minerals A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together *** sedimentary rock a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface *** igneous rock A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. *** metamorphic rock A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another *** rock cycle the standard method used to divide the Earth's long natural history into manageable parts *** geologic time scale The oldest of the Precambrian eons; the time between Earth's origin and the formation of the first rocks that have been preserved. *** Hadean Eon The oldest eon of Earth's history. *** Archean Eon The most recent of the Precambrian eons. *** Proterozoic Eon the part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant *** Paleozoic Era Age of reptiles *** Mesozoic Era Age of mammals *** Cenozoic Era a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities *** Analog Rock layers on the bottom are older and decrease in age as you move up. *** Principal of superposition states that such features are younger than all of the layers they cut through *** principle of cross-cutting relationships A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time. *** Unconformity the process in which soil particles and decaying organic matter accumulate in layers on the ground or at the bottom of large bodies of water, contributing to the formation of sedimentary rock *** Sedimentation Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations. *** Deposition Any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto Earth's surface *** Volcanism The preserved remains of creatures that were once alive *** Fossiles The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. *** earthquake A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface *** volcano the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time. *** continental drift The process that creates new sea floor as plates move away from each other at the mid-ocean ridges *** seafloor spreading Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents. *** tectonic plates A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other. More likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes. *** convergent boundary The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other *** divergent boundary The boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally. No volcanoe *** transform boundary nitrogen makes up 78%, 21% oxygen, and remaining 1% is carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases *** atmospheric gases how closely packed the air molecules are *** air density 0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases) *** Troposphere 2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase. *** Stratosphere Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation. *** ozone layer The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core *** Mesosphere The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases *** Thermosphere The outer layer of the thermosphere *** Exosphere the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere *** atmospheric pressure A circular pattern of air rising, air sinking, and wind. *** convection cell Global winds that blow constantly from the same direction *** prevailing winds Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's hemisphere. *** Coriolis effect Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator *** trade winds water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers *** Groundwater The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back *** water cycle the movement of water through the biosphere *** hydrologic cycle Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant *** Transpiration Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface. *** Precipitation Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface. *** Infiltration water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground *** Runoff A huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure at any given height *** air mass The boundary where unlike air masses meet but do not mix *** front a front where warm air moves over cold air and brings drizzly rain and then are followed by warm and clear weather *** warm front a front where cold air moves under warm air which is less dense and pushes air up producing thunderstorms, heavy rain or snow *** cold front a weather system that usually brings cloudiness and stormy weather *** low pressure system generally brings clear skies and calm air or gentle breezes *** high pressure system . A depression is a weather term meaning an area of low pressure, wind, cloud and usually rain. *** Depression the rotation of air around a high-pressure center in the direction opposite to Earth's rotation *** anticyclone A cloud at ground level. *** fog rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground. *** Precipitation Abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light *** lightning A rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down to touch Earth's surface. *** tornado A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 120 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center *** hurricane Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect. *** greenhouse gases Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases *** greenhouse effect a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. *** climate change The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again *** carbon cycle An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes) *** global warming *** derived units the force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air *** air resistance Compounds that do not contain carbon *** inorganic compounds A column of fast-moving air that spins clockwise in the southern hemisphere and is created when moist, warm air near the ocean surface is pulled upward is called a *** cyclone Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium. *** Fusion The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. *** Coriolis effect to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule *** falsification principle For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction *** action-reaction a longitudinal wave consisting of compressions and rarefactions, which travels through a medium *** sound waves any of a class of substances occurring in nature, usually comprising inorganic substances, as quartz or feldspar, of definite chemical composition and usually of definite crystal structure, but sometimes also including rocks formed by these substances as well as certain natural products of organic origin, as asphalt or coal. *** mineral