NURS 251 FINAL EXAM questions with correct answers

visceral originates in organs, poorly localized; usually felt near midline; caused by stretching or organ capsule parietal originates in the parietal peritoneum and caused by inflammation; steady, achy, more localized, aggravated by movement or coughing Must See! Eyewitness Captures the Moment a Pair of Male Sea Lions Attack Beach-Goers referred felt at sites that are innervated at the same spinal levels as the original organ and develops as the pain becomes more intense (dermatomes) nine section system epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric or suprapubic (near bladder), L/R lumbar, L/R hypochondriac, L/R inguinal (iliac); [vs. the 4 quadrants] borborygmi loud, prolonged gurgling, stomach growling (normal hyperactive increased bowel sounds; early intestinal obstruction, gastroenteritis, hunger hypoactive decreased bowel sounds (abnormal); peritonitis, paralytic ileus absent no bowel sounds after 5 minutes listening in each quadrant; immediately post-op with general anesthesia (normal), ileus (abnormal) cullen ecchymosis around umbilicus; internal bleeding grey turner ecchymosis of flanks; internal bleeding kehr abdominal pain radiating to left shoulder; spleen mcburney rebound tenderness when RLQ palpated; appendicitis murphy abrupt stopping of breathing when palpating RUQ; gallbladder normal abdominal palpation abdomen soft, non-tender, non-distended abnormal abdominal palpation guarding, rigid, board-like, distended risk factors for breast cancer age (older), gender, personal history of breast cancer, family history, previous biopsies for benign breast disease, genetic markers (BRCA1,2), increased breast tissue density on mammogram, early menstration or late menopause, nulliparity (never pregnant), late birth of 1st kid, hormone therapy after menopause, high socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption of 2+ drinks per day risks for benign breast disease early period, late menopause, nulliparity or low parity, late age of 1st kid, alcohol consumption hypospadias urethral meatus underneath glans epispadias urethral meatus on top of glans hydrocele collection of serous fluid in scrotum outside of testes; scrotal swelling, painless testicular tumor small, firm, non-tender nodule on testes epididymitis infection of epididymis; sudden pain, scrotum enlarged, reddened, swollen orchitis inflammation of testes, pain, fever, c/o heaviness, scrotum enlarged, reddened spermatocele sperm-filled cystic mass; non-tender, movable above testes varicocele dilation of veins in spermatic cord; discomfort; soft, irregular mass cystocele bulging of the anterior vaginal wall; bladder pressure enlarges protrusion rectocele bulging of posterior wall of vagina together with rectal wall behind it Bartholin gland infection acute--tense, hot, very tender cyst; may produce pus; painful chronic--non-tender cyst, small to large size prolapse of urethral mucosa swollen red ring around th eurethra cutaneous superficial, localized deep somatic diffuse, originates in muscles, joints, or parietal surfaces macule flat, non-palpable skin color change (may be brown, white, tan, purple, red) <1cm, circumscribed borders patch flat, non-palpable skin color change (may be brown, white, tan, purple, red) >1cm, may have irregular borders papule elevated, palpable, solid mass; circumscribed border <0.5 cm (i.e. elevated nevi, warts, lichen planus) plaque elevated, palpable, solid mass; circumscribed border >0.5 cm (may be coalesced papules with flat top) (i.e. psoriasis, actinic keratosis) nodule elevated, solid, palpable mass that extends deeper into dermis than a papule; 0.5-2 cm, circumscribed (i.e. lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poorly absorbed injection, dermatofibroma) tumor elevated, solid, palpable mass that extends deeper into dermis than a papule; 1-2 cm, does not always have sharp borders (i.e. larger lipoma, carcinoma) vesicle circumscribed elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid; <0.5 cm (i.e. herpes, varicella (chickenpox), poison ivy, second-degree burn) bulla circumscribed elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid; >0.5 cm (i.e. pemphigus, contact dermatitis, large burn blisters, poison ivy, bullous impetigo wheal elevated mass with transient borders often irregular; size and color vary; caused by movement of serous fluid in a cavity (i.e. hives (urticaria), insect bites) pustule pus-filled vessicle or bulla (i.e. acne, impetigo, furuncles,carbuncles) cyst encapsulated fluid-filled or semi-solid mass; located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis (i.e. subcutaneous or epidermoid) erosion loss of superficial epidermis; does not extend to the dermis; depressed, moist area (i.e. rupture vesicle, scratch marks, aphthous ulcer) ulcer skin loss extending past epidermis; necrotic tissue loss; bleeding and scarring possible (i.e. stasis ulcer of venous insufficiency, pressure ulcer) scar skin mark left after healing of wound or lesion; represents replacement by connective tissue of the injured tissue; young scars:red or purple; old scars: white or glistening fissure linear crack in the skin; may extend to the dermis (i.e. chapped lips or hands, athlete's foot) petechia round red or purple macule; small 1-2 mm; secondary to blood extravasation; associated with bleeding tendencies or emboli to skin ecchymosis round or irregular macular lesion; larger than petechia; color varies and changes: black, yellow, and green hues; secondary to blood extravasation; associated with trauma, bleeding tendencies hematoma a localized collection of blood creating an elevated ecchymosis; associated with trauma cherry angioma papular and round; red or purple; noted on trunk, extremities; may blanch with pressure; normal age-related skin alteration spider angioma red, arteriole lesion; central body with radiating branches; noted on face, neck, arms, trunk; rare below waist; may blanch with pressure; associated with liver disease, pregnancy, and vit B deficiency