BIO 210 - FINAL EXAM REVIEW with complete solution
Anatomy ✔✔the study of structure
Physiology ✔✔the study of function
Metabolism ✔✔all the chemical reactions that happen in our body cells
Catabolism ✔✔the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic
reaction
Anabolism ✔✔The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones
Levels of Structural Organization ✔✔Atom (chemical), Molecule (chemical), Cell tissue,
Organ, Organ System, Organism
Homeostasis ✔✔The maintenance of the internal environment regardless of external
conditions
Negative feedback mechanism ✔✔Most feedback mechanisms are this type - regulating
body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose
Cranial Cavity ✔✔Brain and spinal cord
vertebral cavity ✔✔spinal cord
thoracic cavity ✔✔heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity ✔✔stoach digestive organs
parietal membrane ✔✔lines cavity wall
visceral membrane ✔✔lines the organs surface
ATP ✔✔a form of energy used by all reactions in cells. Made in the mitochondria
4 elements that make up 96% of the human body ✔✔Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and
nitrogen
atomic number ✔✔number of protons. Always the same as the number of electrons
Atomic mass ✔✔decimal number - number of protons and neutrons together - if you
subtract the protons you get the number of neutrons
, ionic bonds ✔✔the transfer of one or more electrons
anion ✔✔negative charge - gains one electron
cation ✔✔positive charge - loses one electron
covalent bond ✔✔shared electrons
2 types of covalent bonds ✔✔Polar - unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons
PH ✔✔Acid base concentration - homeostasis of acid base balance is regulated by
chemicals called buffers
buffers ✔✔acccept hydrogen ions when PH is high and donates when the PH is low
Carbohydrates - organic compound ✔✔fructose, glycogen
Protiens - organic compound ✔✔amino acids and enzymes
Lipids - organic compound ✔✔triglycerides, cholesterol
Nucleic acids - organic compound ✔✔DNA, RNA
DNA nitrogenous bases ✔✔Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (AGCT)
RNA nitrogenous bases ✔✔Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (AGSU)
Plasma Membrane ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic (phosphate) heads
and hydrophobic (lipid) tails
Resting membrane potential ✔✔maintained by sodium potassium pump (active
transport) - takes 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
K+ Potassium ✔✔10 times higher inside the cell - major intracellular cation
Na+ Sodium ✔✔10 times higher outside the cell - major extracellular cation
passive transport - osmosis ✔✔Movement of water. Water follows salt, thats what
makes it move
Hypotonic solution ✔✔cells lyse/burst
Anatomy ✔✔the study of structure
Physiology ✔✔the study of function
Metabolism ✔✔all the chemical reactions that happen in our body cells
Catabolism ✔✔the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic
reaction
Anabolism ✔✔The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones
Levels of Structural Organization ✔✔Atom (chemical), Molecule (chemical), Cell tissue,
Organ, Organ System, Organism
Homeostasis ✔✔The maintenance of the internal environment regardless of external
conditions
Negative feedback mechanism ✔✔Most feedback mechanisms are this type - regulating
body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose
Cranial Cavity ✔✔Brain and spinal cord
vertebral cavity ✔✔spinal cord
thoracic cavity ✔✔heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity ✔✔stoach digestive organs
parietal membrane ✔✔lines cavity wall
visceral membrane ✔✔lines the organs surface
ATP ✔✔a form of energy used by all reactions in cells. Made in the mitochondria
4 elements that make up 96% of the human body ✔✔Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and
nitrogen
atomic number ✔✔number of protons. Always the same as the number of electrons
Atomic mass ✔✔decimal number - number of protons and neutrons together - if you
subtract the protons you get the number of neutrons
, ionic bonds ✔✔the transfer of one or more electrons
anion ✔✔negative charge - gains one electron
cation ✔✔positive charge - loses one electron
covalent bond ✔✔shared electrons
2 types of covalent bonds ✔✔Polar - unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons
PH ✔✔Acid base concentration - homeostasis of acid base balance is regulated by
chemicals called buffers
buffers ✔✔acccept hydrogen ions when PH is high and donates when the PH is low
Carbohydrates - organic compound ✔✔fructose, glycogen
Protiens - organic compound ✔✔amino acids and enzymes
Lipids - organic compound ✔✔triglycerides, cholesterol
Nucleic acids - organic compound ✔✔DNA, RNA
DNA nitrogenous bases ✔✔Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (AGCT)
RNA nitrogenous bases ✔✔Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (AGSU)
Plasma Membrane ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic (phosphate) heads
and hydrophobic (lipid) tails
Resting membrane potential ✔✔maintained by sodium potassium pump (active
transport) - takes 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
K+ Potassium ✔✔10 times higher inside the cell - major intracellular cation
Na+ Sodium ✔✔10 times higher outside the cell - major extracellular cation
passive transport - osmosis ✔✔Movement of water. Water follows salt, thats what
makes it move
Hypotonic solution ✔✔cells lyse/burst
