Keiser University PATHO 3129: Pathophysiology Review for Exam 1
Pathophysiology Review for Exam 1 1. Know the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes a. Prokaryotes – i. Bacteria and Archaea ii. no nucleus (single, circular chromosome) iii. genes not surrounded by a membrane iv. cell walls composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan, though some bacteria lack cell walls v. smaller than eukaryotes vi. Lack histones (they coil stuff) vii. live singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters viii. enjoy moist environments like Yellowstone National Park b. Eukaryotes – i. Fungi and Yeasts ii. Cells contain a nucleus, or nuclear membrane that surrounds their DNA iii. Fungi obtain food from other organisms iv. Microscopic fungi are molds 1. Grow as long intertwined filaments v. Yeasts are unicellular 1. Reproduce asexually by budding. 2. Eukaryotic organelles are specialized structures that act like tiny organs to carry on the various cell functions. a. Nucleus – the largest organelle and usually the only one visible via microscope. i. The cell’s genetic control center ii. Shelters the DNA iii. RBC’s do not have a nucleus. iv. RNA made in nucleus but leaves v. Nucleoplasm found in the nucleus b. Mitochondria – i. Cell power house ii. ATP synthesis iii. Round or bean-shaped iv. Responsible for cellular respiration c. Endoplasmic reticulum – i. synthesizes steroids and other lipids, manufactures all cell membranes. ii. Smooth 1. Tubular, branch more extensively, no Ribosomes. 2. Detoxifies alcohol (liver and kidneys) iii. Rough 1. Parallel, flattened sacs with Ribosomes d. Peroxisome – i. Provides the peroxide ii. Contain enzymes for detoxifying free radicals, alcohol, other drugs iii. Oxidizes fatty acids e. Golgi apparatus i. The cell post office – it receives, sorts, and packages proteins. 1 Pathophysiology Review for Exam 1 ii. Synthesizes carbohydrates and finishes protein and glycoprotein synthesis. f. Lysosome – i. membrane bounded enzymes “package” that digest cell components to recycle nutrients - autophagy g. Plasma membrane i. Involved in intracellular communication ii. Regulates material exchange between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid iii. Prevents escape of cell contents h. Ribosome – i. are small protein granules and RNA and read coded genetic messages, mRNA, and assemble amino acids into protein. ii. Sites for cellular protein synthesis i. Cilium – hair-like projections that move substances along cell surface. j. Cytoskeleton – i. a network of protein filaments and cylinders that provide structural support. k. Centriole – i. Short cylindrical bodies that form mitotic spindles during cell division l. Microvilli – i. extensions of plasma membrane that increase the cell’s surface area m. Flagella – i. the whip-like tail of sperm used for movement n. Inclusions – i. Storage products or other products of cellular metabolism o. Cytosol - Cytosol is the fluid that’s found inside living cells. More specifically, it’s the water-based fluid in which organelles, proteins and other structures of the cell live. Also known as the cytoplasmic matrix, it constitutes most of the intracellular fluid (ICF). Cytosol is often confused with cytoplasm, however, which is an entirely different entity within a cell. 3. Membrane transport (methods) a. Transport without carriers i. Filtration – moves water and solutes through a permeable membrane via hydrostatic pressure ii. Simple diffusion – moves water or air through a living or artificial membrane down their concentration gradient iii. Osmosis – flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane due to solute concentration or mechanical force. b. Carrier-mediated i. Primary Active – requires energy to move substance up the concentration gradient. ii. Secondary active – requires energy but depends only indirectly on ATP. Kidneys uses tubules (SGLTs) iii. Passive – does not require energy 2
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Keiser University
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PATHO 3129 (PATHO3129)
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- July 24, 2023
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- patho 3129
- eukaryotic organelles
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pathophysiologyreview for exam 1
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know the differences between prokaryotes and eukar
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membrane transport methods
