HUMAN ANATOMY (THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM)

HUMAN ANATOMY (THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (A+ GUARANTEED) 100% VERIFIED UPDATED VERSION 1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES Open the Human Anatomy Atlas app, choose Views from the top menu, and select Systems from the submenu. Then, scroll down to the Respiratory System Views. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms. A. Select Respiratory System View 1. Upper Respiratory System. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the integumentary system icon to remove the skin and hair from the view. Rotate the view as needed to examine the upper respiratory system structures and note where they are located. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx 1.What structures comprise the upper respiratory system, from superior to inferior? Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx 2. Select the nasal cavity and use the book icon to read about it. What are the structures and functions of the nasal cavity? They open in the front through the nares. On the lateral wall are the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae. The nasal cavity is home to lubricating mucus that helps to trap unwanted particles from inhaled air. 3. Examine the structure of the pharynx. What are the 3 parts of the pharynx, from superior to inferior? Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. 4. Examine the structure of the larynx. a.Select the thyroid cartilage and use the book icon to read about it. What is the function of this cartilage and the other laryngeal cartilages? Serves as the attachment point for several muscles and ligaments and protects the vocal cords b.To examine the epiglottis, you must first individually select and hide the thyroid cartilage and the thyrohyoid membrane. Then, select the epiglottis and use the book icon to read about it. What is the composition and function of the epiglottis? The composition is cartilage. During swallowing muscles pull it down to close the entry to the larynx and prevent food from entering the trachea. B. Select Respiratory System View 7. Location of the Lungs. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the skeletal system icon to remove the thoracic cage and other skeletal structures from the view. Rotate the view as needed to examine the lower respiratory system structures and note where they are located. Trachea Tracheal rings Left bronchus Right bronchus Left lung Right lung Right superior lobe Left superior lobe Right main bronchus Right middle lobe Right hilum of lung Left main bronchus Left hilum of the lung Right inferior lobe Left inferior lobe Left primary bronchus Left secondary bronchi Left tertiary bronchi 1.What structures comprise the lower respiratory system, from superior to inferior? The larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. 2. Select the trachea and use the book icon to read about it. What is the structure and function of the trachea and the tracheal rings? Trachea is made of a mucous membrane and an elastic fibrous membrane. It is the major airway of the lower respiratory system. Tracheal rings are composed of hyaline cartilage and provide structural support that keeps the airway open. 3.In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect all the blue system icons except respiratory. Then, select and hide one of the lungs. Examine the bronchi. a.In terms of size and structure, what is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi? Primary is the largest, then secondary, then tertiary. The Primary bronchi is the most supported by cartilage, then secondary, then tertiary. b.What are the tiny structures that appear at the ends of the tertiary bronchi, and what is their function? Alveoli, they exchange the gasses in the lungs 4. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect and select the respiratory system icon to refresh the respiratory structures in the view, and examine the lungs. a.What differences do you notice between the left and right lungs? The shapes are different, as well as the amount of segmentation. b.What are the lines on the surface of the lungs called? Fissures c. On the medial aspect of the lungs, what is the name of the region where the bronchi enter the lung? What else enters the lung via this region? The root (hilum) of the lung, blood enters through here as well. IN-LAB EXERCISES Open the Human Anatomy Atlas app, choose Views from the top menu, and select Systems from the submenu. Then, scroll down to the Respiratory System Views. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms. A. Select Respiratory System View 1. Upper Respiratory System. 1.Select the nasal cavity and use the book icon to read about it. Besides serving as a passageway for air to enter the body, what are 3 functions of the nasal cavity? Helps keep nose moist to prevent nosebleeds, hair filters out dirt and dust, and warms air entering the body. 2. With the nasal cavity selected, use the Fade button. Notice the folds of tissue protruding from the internal lateral walls of the nasal cavity. a.What are these folds of bone covered with mucous membranes called? conchae b.What is their function? They shape the passageway for air inside of the cavity. 3. In the pictures below, compare the nasal conchae (turbinates) of a dog (top) versus those of a human ( bottom ). Left superior lobe Ethmoid sinuses Nasal conchae (turbinates) Right maxillary sinus Nasal cavity Why do you suppose the nasal conchae of the dog are much larger and more extensive than those of the human? Perhaps it’s because dogs rely on their sense of smell more than a human? a.What are these chambers called? Paranasal sinuses b.Select the book icon. What 4 bones contain paranasal sinuses? Frontal bone, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid c. What are the functions of these sinuses? Resonating chambers for speech, and moistens and warms incoming air. Frontal bone Frontal sinuses Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Right maxillary bone Maxillary sinus 4. Select the large cubic-shaped chambers located on either side of the nasal cavity. B. Select Respiratory System View 2. Nasal Cavity. Rotate the view as needed to observe the nasal cavity and nasal conchae. 1.Rotate to a lateral or posterior view. a.Identify and select the nasopharynx. Find and select the 2 other sections of the pharynx. What are they called? Oropharynx and laryngopharynx. b.What is the name of the tube that exits superolaterally from the nasopharynx? Eustachian tube c. What is the function of this tube? Equalizing pressure of the middle ear with the outside pressure. 2.Rotate back to the anterior view. a.What is the name of the bone located anterior to the laryngopharynx? Nasal cavity Right eustachian tube (auditory) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone b.What is the function of this bone and what makes it unique and different from all the other bones in the body? Does not articulate with any other bone, and it provides an anchor point for the muscles of the tongue, mouth, larynx, epiglottis, and the pharynx. C. Select Respiratory System View 6. Laryngeal Muscles. Observe the various cartilages and membranes located below the hyoid bone. 1.Select the largest cartilage structure of the larynx and use the book icon to read about it and the other laryngeal cartilages. a.What is the group of cartilages and membranes known as? It is known as the laryngeal skeleton b.What is the largest cartilage of the larynx called? The thyroid cartilage c. What is it more colloquially (commonly) known as? The Voice Box d.What is the name of the membrane between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage? Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Vocal folds Vestibular folds Corniculate cartilages Arytenoid cartilages Laryngeal skeleton Cricoid cartilage Thyrohyoid membrane e.What is the name of the only laryngeal or tracheal cartilage that extends all the way around the larynx? Cricoid cartilage f. What is the function of the laryngeal skeleton? To protect the windpipe and house the vocal cords. g.Select the large, flap-like piece of cartilage behind the hyoid bone. What is this structure called, and what is its function? Epiglottis, during swallowing muscles pull it down to prevent food from entering the trachea. 2.In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the muscular system icon to remove the muscles from the view. Rotate the view to a posterior view of the larynx. Locate and select the vocal folds and use the Radius Blast button. a.Compare the location of the vocal folds and vestibular folds. What is an alternate name for each of these structures, and what are their functions? The vestibular folds are above the vocal folds. The vestibular folds assist in closing the glottis during swallowing and are known as the false vocal cords. The vocal folds are known as the true vocal cords and they allow us to produce sound. b.What is the name of the pyramid-shaped cartilages that sit on top of the cricoid cartilage and attach posteriorly to the vocal ligaments? Arytenoid cartilage c.What are the names of the small cartilages that are located on top of the cartilages from question b? Corniculate cartilage d.Select the trachea (windpipe). Notice the cartilaginous rings located along its anterior and lateral surfaces. What is the function of these rings? To support and protect the trachea e.In the system tray on the left side of the screen, select the digestive system icon to add the digestive structures to the view. What is the name of the tube that is located just dorsal to the trachea? Why do you think this tube does not have cartilage rings like the trachea? The esophagus, it needs to be flexible to get food down into the stomach D. Select Respiratory System View 7. Location of Lungs. Superior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Right horizontal fissure Middle lobe of right lung Heart Left oblique fissure Right oblique fissure Inferior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of left lung Diaphragm Observe the location of the lungs in the thoracic cavity. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the skeletal system icon to remove the thoracic cage and other skeletal structures from the view. Notice the location of the heart in relation to the lungs. 1.Describe two anatomical differences between the left and right lungs. The right lung has 3 partitions while the left lung has 2. The left lung is shaped differently to accommodate the heart. 2.In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the cardiovascular system icon to remove the heart and blood vessels from the view. Select the left lung. What is the name of the indentation in the left lung for the heart? The Cardiac Notch 3.What are the lines you see on the surface of the lungs? Name them and the lobes they separate. Trachea Left primary bronchus Right primary bronchus Left lung Right lung The Oblique fissure L seperates The inferior lobe L and Superior lobe L, the Oblique fissure R seperates the inferior lobe R and the middle lobe R, and the horizontal fissure R seperates the middle lobe R and the superior lobe R 4. Rotate to a posterior view of the lungs. Look at the trachea and where it bifurcates into 2 branches. What are these branches called? Primary Bronchus 5.Looking at the left and right branches, consider this question. If you accidentally aspirated (inhaled) a foreign object, which lung do you think the object would be most likely to enter and why? The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and oriented more vertically than the left, so the right bronchus is more likely to be obstructed. E. 8. Hilum. 1.Rotate the view as needed to find and select the hilum. a.What are the 3 main structures that penetrate the hilum? Pulmonary vein, Pulmonary artery, and the primary bronchus b.What other structures do you think pass through the hilum and into the lungs? Structures relating to the nervous and lymphatic system 2.Click on any part of the lung and use the book icon to read about the lungs. Pulmonary artery Right primary bronchus Right hilum of lung Heart Pulmonary vein Select Respiratory System View Complete the following paragraph. The Pleura is a double layered, serous membrane surrounding the lungs. The space between the layers is filled with pleural fluid, which serves to reduce Friction against the chest wall. 3. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the circulatory system icon to hide the heart and blood vessels from the view. Select and hide the right lung. Observe the bronchial tree. What differences do you notice between the secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi? The secondary is larger than the tertiary, but the tertiary has more branches than the secondary. Also, the secondary is supported by cartilaginous rings while the tertiary is not. F. 9. Inhalation Muscles. 1.Rotate to the inferior view and select the diaphragm. Observe its location and shape. a.How many apertures (openings) do you see in the diaphragm? 3 openings b.What major structures pass through these openings? Inferior Vena Cava, descending aorta, and the Esophagus 2. With the diaphragm selected, use the book icon to read about it. Then, return to the Views screen, choose Muscle Actions from the submenu, and select the Ribs Elevation animation. Observe the motion of the diaphragm. a.What happens to the dome-shaped diaphragm as it contracts? What happens to the rib cage? Rib cage Diaphragm Opening for inferior vena cava Opening for esophagus Opening for abdominal aorta Select Respiratory System View When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs expand b.What effect does diaphragm contraction have on the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs? When the diaphragm contracts, it reduces the pressure in the lungs by expanding them, making air passively flow into the lungs. c. What do you think happens to the pressure inside the lungs due to this volume change? The pressure will decrease d.Do you think this will cause air to move into or out of the lungs? Flow into the lungs e.Name 5 other muscles that may contribute to elevation of the rib cage for inhalation. Pectoralis, serratus, sternocleidomastoid, scalene , external intercostals, latissimus dorsi G. 10. Exhalation Muscles. 1.Select the muscles located between the ribs. What are these muscles called? Internal intercostal 2.Use the book icon to read about these muscles. Then, return to the Views screen, choose Muscle Actions from the submenu, and select Ribs Depression. Observe the motion of the muscles in this Muscle Action. a.What effect does contraction of these muscles have on the rib cage? When the muscle contracts they pull the ribs together b.What effect does contraction of these muscles have on the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs? This decreases the volume c. What do you think happens to the pressure inside the lungs due to this volume Internal intercostal muscles Right lung Left rectus abdominis muscle Internal oblique muscle Select Respiratory System View change? Increases pressure d.Do you think this will cause air to move into or out of the lungs? Out of the lungs e.What other muscles do you see contributing to depression of the rib cage? Serratus, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and thoracis 3. Go back to Respiratory System View 10. Exhalation Muscles. Select the internal oblique muscle and use the book icon to read about it. a.What effect does contraction of the abdominal muscles have on the abdominal viscera? Compresses abdominal viscera b.Do you think contraction of these muscles would aid in inhalation or exhalation? Explain your answer. Compressing the abdomen would reduce the volume of the lungs, increasing pressure, forcing air out. Select System View H. Respiratory 11. Respiratory Innervation. Rotate to the inferior view. Zoom in on the diaphragm and select the nerve branches visible on the inferior surface. 1.What is the name of this nerve? Phrenic nerve 2. With the nerve still selected, rotate and zoom the view to follow the nerve back to the spinal cord. What level(s) of the spinal cord is the origin of this nerve? C3-C5 3.Explain how an injury to the neck might cause someone to require an artificial respirator to breathe? If the nerve was disabled, there would be no input to stimulate the contraction of the diaphragm. Left lung Left phrenic nerve Right phrenic nerve Diaphragm Observe and explore the blood vessels of the pulmonary tree. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph. Normally, arteries are depicted in red and veins are depicted in blue. The pulmonary arteries are colored Blue because they contain Deoxygenated blood that flows to the lungs to pick up Oxygen and unload Carbon Dioxide . The pulmonary arteries exit the heart from the right ventricle (chamber). The pulmonary veins are colored Red because they carry freshly Oxygenated blood back to the left ventricle (chamber) of the heart. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Open the Human Anatomy Atlas app, choose Views from the top menu, and select Systems from the submenu. Then, scroll down to the Respiratory System Views. Review views 1. Upper Respiratory and 7. Location of Lungs. Use the answers to the questions throughout this lab manual to summarize the flow of air through the respiratory system structures. Right primary bronchus Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Heart I. Select Respiratory System View 12. Pulmonary Circulation. 1.Air enters the upper respiratory system through the Nares, which are the openings that lead into the nasal cavity. The air moves through passageways that are formed by the Conchae , which protrude into the cavity. 2.From the nasal cavity, air flows into the first part of the pharynx, which is the Nasopharynx . Then, it flows through the other 2 parts of the pharynx, which are called the Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx . 3. Air then makes its way into the Larynx . This structure includes 9 laryngeal cartilages that Protect the vocal cords . The largest of these cartilages is the Thyroid cartilage . Another significant part of the larynx, the Epiglottis , covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from accidentally entering the respiratory tract. This structure is composed of Elastic cartilage . 4. Then air moves into the first part of the lower respiratory system, the Trachea , which has rings composed of Cartilage . This structure branches into 2 Bronchi , 1 for each lung. 5.Air flows through the bronchi, which get separated? as you move from primary to secondary to tertiary, eventually terminating in Alveoli , which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. 6. Air flows from the bronchi into the lungs medially through the root(hilum) . The Right lung has 3 lobes, whereas the Left lung has 2. There are grooves on the surface of the lungs, called Fissures , which separate the lungs into lobes. The Right lung is slightly larger than the Left lung due to its position in relation to the heart.