10TH GRADE BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW|UPDATED&VERIFIED|100% SOLVED|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

Carbohydrates CHO Monosaccharides Main energy source Ex. Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose. anything with suffix -ose. Lipids CHO Glycerol Energy storage Ex. Cholesterol, Oils, etc... Protiens CHON Amino Acids Cell function Ex. Elastin, Collagen Nucleic acid CHONP Nucleotides (C T A G) Makes up DNA Ex. DNA, RNA What is the function of an enzyme To speed up chemical reaction What analogy is used with enzymes and their substrates A lock and key How do temperature and pH affect enzymes Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH that allow it to be most active. Temperature will generally speed enzyme action until it denatures the enzyme protein. pH changes beyond optimum will modify bonding in the enzyme and cause it to change shape. Why is water important to living things Because it is a universal solvent Water is _____________(which mean it is + on one end and - on the other). Neutral Cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Nucleolus Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes Nucleus Control center of the cell Ribosome Makes proteins Vesicle A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. (Kind of like a shipping package) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ER that is dotted with ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell Cytoskeleton A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell. Vacuole Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm Lysosome An organelle containing digestive enzymes Centriole structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division Cell wall A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. Cell membrane A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. Eukaryotic cells Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Prokaryote A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Plant cell contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole Animal cell does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole semi-permiable membrane A cell membrane that lets only some things pass through it Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Hypertonic The solution with the greater concentration of solutes than solvent Hypotonic Having a lower concentration of solute than solvent passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell active transport Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Homeostasis process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment Metabolism All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. The means by which organisms maintain Homeostasis Viruses Pieces of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Nonliving. Antibiotics do not work on them Bacteria single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes. Living Autotrophic make their own food Heterotrophic Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. Derived characteristics characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members Cladistics A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa. Photosynthesis Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Photosynthesis equation 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 cellular respiration Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen