Centre for longitudinal studies found that when Attendance:
children got to the age of 3 if they were from a Flaherty (2004) children have attendance problems
disadvantaged background they will already be Subculture: a group where there when the family has money problems
behind those from a middle class background attitudes and beliefs are different from Poorer family's are more likely to have children who
what most people believe bunk and are excluded from schools
Bernstein studied the language of wc and " 90% of failing schools a located in deprived areas
A t
mc people " Elaborate code: middle class
Howard (2001) poor families have less intake of quality
Restricted code: working class speech (wider vocabulary) Douglas (1964) food for energy vitals and minerals. Lead to difficulty
speech (single words/ gestures) i concentrating and poor immune system can mean time off
;
Parents education- mc parents went to uni school
have high value on education, wc have less Material deprivation
Cultural deprivation importance as they didn't go to uni _ .
Reacy (2005) found wc children more likely to apply to local
Sugar man (1970) argued 4 wc values that are obstacle to success at school: university's so they could live at home and save money. Were also
Fatalism: nothing you can do to change things t
more likely to do part time jobs which make studying harder.
Collectivism: you value the group more than your own success as an individual Financial support:
Poorer family's lack of funds can't buy equipment and uniforms
/
Immediate gratification: have fun now and don't worry about the future
Present time orientation: focus on short term goals and don't worry about the future Smith and noble (1995) poverty means not being able to afford
private schooling or tuition 1
t Poor housing= affecting education:
Over crowding: lack of place to work and disturbed sleep
Cc according to Bourdieu is values, abilities, language etc
i External factors
In wc underachievement
Cold and damp leading to mould can affect health
All of these give the mc an advantage over the wc
I
,
Mc children acquire the ability to grasp, analyse and
express abstract ideas which are good skills for Stratified society: a society a society that has
layers eg layers of working, middle and upper
Bourdieu (1984) class Cultural knowledge: our education
i. and understanding of the world
Mc parents can afford to buy houses in catchment areas Cultural knowledge or social assets someone has (education,
with higher performing schools intellect, style of dress,) that promote social mobility in a
Leech and campos (2003) did a study on this and stratified society
int
agreed that 'selection by mortgage' was happening with Why do white working class do worst:
mc parents Lack of ambition from children and parents
-
Lack of aspiration
Bourdieu evaluation: Cultural capital Industries they thought they might go into have shut eg coal mines
To change this it requires the parents who didn't have a good time at
\
Sullivan (2001) used questionnaires with student in 4 different school too see the value of education
schools and asked about their activities, reading, tv etc
.
Mc have advantage because:
Those students who read fiction and watched documentaries had wider vocabulary School system is not neutral
and a greater knowledge- more cultural capital School system transmits middle class values
Those were children of parents who graduated from uni Wc children bunk as they don't feel school is for them
These where the children who got better GCSE results
?⃝
, If you keep telling someone they are good, then
they will believe they are good. If you keep Might label students as: bright,
telling someone they are bad, then they will Teacher labels student as failure they don't Problems of teacher labelling: thick, trouble maker, hard working
believe they are bad. Label might not be correct
" care nor there parents so they fail. Teacher
"
sits student away from' clever' pupils and Teachers might use stereotypes
gives them less attention The might label wc students negatively and mc
Self fulfilling prophecy students positively "
y /
s
Or Dunne and gazeley (2008) teachers normalised wc under Teacher labelling
Links to wc underachievement:
teachers label students as intelligent and will make good achievement and made it ok. Weren't concerned nd felt
progress, if a teacher treats them like they are going to e there was nothing they could do. They believed mc could
change their achievement s parents of mc students are Becker (1971) did a study on labelling by
successful they will get more attention. Pupil internalises
more interested. interviewing 60 Chicago high school
I
the teachers expectations and this becomes part of their
self image and tries harder and succeeds. The prediction is teachers
filled
Hargreaves's (1967) study on streaming: Findings: teachers judged pupils according to how
Boys in lower streams were triple failures: closely they fitted an image of the 'ideal pupil'.
Aplied to education Teachers based their label on the conduct, dress
Those who will pass, leave them to get on with it Failed their 11+ exams and work of pupils. Mc were closest to ideal
Hopeless cases, doomed to fail (working class) 'Failed' as placed in bottom set student whereas wc were the furthest away
Failed as labelled as 'worthless louts' because they were badly behaved.
Those with potential- help to get grade c or better
Criticism on labelling theory:
t Gillborn and youdell recognise that league tables is
part of marketisation in schools which allows Assumes pupils who are labelled have no choice no
Streaming and educational triage teacher labelling and streaming to happen will fulfil the prophecy and fail. Marxists say it
ignores wider structures of power and doesn't
÷
look at why teachers label pupils
Pupil subcultures: a group of pupils who share similar values and Internal factors Mc have the power to define
behaviour patterns. Can emerge as a response to the way pupils In wc underachievement → it's habitus superior and to
have been labelled- reaction to streaming. Subcultures may form mode the education and
int separate groups according to class, gender, race, attitude 'Nike identities'- c pupils are attitudes
conscious that society and school i
Subcultures look down on them therefore they Habituates (Bourdieu) :The way a social
Lacey (1970) differentiation: adapt strategies and give '
\
teachers process to separate class thinks, behaves, and acts. This
Polarsrisation: Pupils response to streaming, themselves a status t includes their tastes and preferences.
students into different groups e.g. joining a pro school subculture committed to the
higher and lower ability values of school or a anti school subculture which Thy adopted 'styles' i
tends to b wc with lower self esteem and feeling that gave themselves Pupil identities
of being inferior meaning ,
Ball (1981)
Beachside compressive began teaching mixed ability groups Archer (2010) found that some wc pupils felt
Took away incentive to form anti school subcultures they had to change their accents or how they
Pupil polarisation began to disappear presented themselves to be successful at
school
However teachers still labelled mc as cooperative an able and middle
class got better exam results= self fulfilling prophecy
\ School has middle class habitus:
.
Street style is seen as bad taste by
1 Woods (1979) responses to labelling and streaming: schools
In top band 36% from working class background Ingratiation: being the 'teachers pet' Archer argues that this middle class
Top band students do more homework Ritualism: go through the motions and stay out of trouble habitus stigmatises working class
Top band students get fewer detentions I Retreatism: day dreaming and mucking about identities
More top and students like school Rebellion: outright rejection of everything the school stand for
Students themselves felt division amongst themselves
children got to the age of 3 if they were from a Flaherty (2004) children have attendance problems
disadvantaged background they will already be Subculture: a group where there when the family has money problems
behind those from a middle class background attitudes and beliefs are different from Poorer family's are more likely to have children who
what most people believe bunk and are excluded from schools
Bernstein studied the language of wc and " 90% of failing schools a located in deprived areas
A t
mc people " Elaborate code: middle class
Howard (2001) poor families have less intake of quality
Restricted code: working class speech (wider vocabulary) Douglas (1964) food for energy vitals and minerals. Lead to difficulty
speech (single words/ gestures) i concentrating and poor immune system can mean time off
;
Parents education- mc parents went to uni school
have high value on education, wc have less Material deprivation
Cultural deprivation importance as they didn't go to uni _ .
Reacy (2005) found wc children more likely to apply to local
Sugar man (1970) argued 4 wc values that are obstacle to success at school: university's so they could live at home and save money. Were also
Fatalism: nothing you can do to change things t
more likely to do part time jobs which make studying harder.
Collectivism: you value the group more than your own success as an individual Financial support:
Poorer family's lack of funds can't buy equipment and uniforms
/
Immediate gratification: have fun now and don't worry about the future
Present time orientation: focus on short term goals and don't worry about the future Smith and noble (1995) poverty means not being able to afford
private schooling or tuition 1
t Poor housing= affecting education:
Over crowding: lack of place to work and disturbed sleep
Cc according to Bourdieu is values, abilities, language etc
i External factors
In wc underachievement
Cold and damp leading to mould can affect health
All of these give the mc an advantage over the wc
I
,
Mc children acquire the ability to grasp, analyse and
express abstract ideas which are good skills for Stratified society: a society a society that has
layers eg layers of working, middle and upper
Bourdieu (1984) class Cultural knowledge: our education
i. and understanding of the world
Mc parents can afford to buy houses in catchment areas Cultural knowledge or social assets someone has (education,
with higher performing schools intellect, style of dress,) that promote social mobility in a
Leech and campos (2003) did a study on this and stratified society
int
agreed that 'selection by mortgage' was happening with Why do white working class do worst:
mc parents Lack of ambition from children and parents
-
Lack of aspiration
Bourdieu evaluation: Cultural capital Industries they thought they might go into have shut eg coal mines
To change this it requires the parents who didn't have a good time at
\
Sullivan (2001) used questionnaires with student in 4 different school too see the value of education
schools and asked about their activities, reading, tv etc
.
Mc have advantage because:
Those students who read fiction and watched documentaries had wider vocabulary School system is not neutral
and a greater knowledge- more cultural capital School system transmits middle class values
Those were children of parents who graduated from uni Wc children bunk as they don't feel school is for them
These where the children who got better GCSE results
?⃝
, If you keep telling someone they are good, then
they will believe they are good. If you keep Might label students as: bright,
telling someone they are bad, then they will Teacher labels student as failure they don't Problems of teacher labelling: thick, trouble maker, hard working
believe they are bad. Label might not be correct
" care nor there parents so they fail. Teacher
"
sits student away from' clever' pupils and Teachers might use stereotypes
gives them less attention The might label wc students negatively and mc
Self fulfilling prophecy students positively "
y /
s
Or Dunne and gazeley (2008) teachers normalised wc under Teacher labelling
Links to wc underachievement:
teachers label students as intelligent and will make good achievement and made it ok. Weren't concerned nd felt
progress, if a teacher treats them like they are going to e there was nothing they could do. They believed mc could
change their achievement s parents of mc students are Becker (1971) did a study on labelling by
successful they will get more attention. Pupil internalises
more interested. interviewing 60 Chicago high school
I
the teachers expectations and this becomes part of their
self image and tries harder and succeeds. The prediction is teachers
filled
Hargreaves's (1967) study on streaming: Findings: teachers judged pupils according to how
Boys in lower streams were triple failures: closely they fitted an image of the 'ideal pupil'.
Aplied to education Teachers based their label on the conduct, dress
Those who will pass, leave them to get on with it Failed their 11+ exams and work of pupils. Mc were closest to ideal
Hopeless cases, doomed to fail (working class) 'Failed' as placed in bottom set student whereas wc were the furthest away
Failed as labelled as 'worthless louts' because they were badly behaved.
Those with potential- help to get grade c or better
Criticism on labelling theory:
t Gillborn and youdell recognise that league tables is
part of marketisation in schools which allows Assumes pupils who are labelled have no choice no
Streaming and educational triage teacher labelling and streaming to happen will fulfil the prophecy and fail. Marxists say it
ignores wider structures of power and doesn't
÷
look at why teachers label pupils
Pupil subcultures: a group of pupils who share similar values and Internal factors Mc have the power to define
behaviour patterns. Can emerge as a response to the way pupils In wc underachievement → it's habitus superior and to
have been labelled- reaction to streaming. Subcultures may form mode the education and
int separate groups according to class, gender, race, attitude 'Nike identities'- c pupils are attitudes
conscious that society and school i
Subcultures look down on them therefore they Habituates (Bourdieu) :The way a social
Lacey (1970) differentiation: adapt strategies and give '
\
teachers process to separate class thinks, behaves, and acts. This
Polarsrisation: Pupils response to streaming, themselves a status t includes their tastes and preferences.
students into different groups e.g. joining a pro school subculture committed to the
higher and lower ability values of school or a anti school subculture which Thy adopted 'styles' i
tends to b wc with lower self esteem and feeling that gave themselves Pupil identities
of being inferior meaning ,
Ball (1981)
Beachside compressive began teaching mixed ability groups Archer (2010) found that some wc pupils felt
Took away incentive to form anti school subcultures they had to change their accents or how they
Pupil polarisation began to disappear presented themselves to be successful at
school
However teachers still labelled mc as cooperative an able and middle
class got better exam results= self fulfilling prophecy
\ School has middle class habitus:
.
Street style is seen as bad taste by
1 Woods (1979) responses to labelling and streaming: schools
In top band 36% from working class background Ingratiation: being the 'teachers pet' Archer argues that this middle class
Top band students do more homework Ritualism: go through the motions and stay out of trouble habitus stigmatises working class
Top band students get fewer detentions I Retreatism: day dreaming and mucking about identities
More top and students like school Rebellion: outright rejection of everything the school stand for
Students themselves felt division amongst themselves
