B2 – cell organisation
How do cells become specialised?####differentiation
What are organ systems made of?####organs
What are organs made of?####tissue
What are tissues made of?####specialised cells
Def: organ system####a group of organs working together to carry out a specific function
Eg: organ system####digestive system
Def: organ####group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function
Eg: organ####heart
Def: tissue####a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
What are the 3 types of tissue?####muscular, glandular, epithelial
What is the function of muscular tissue?####allows movement through contracting
What is the function of glandular tissue?####makes and secretes hormones and enzymes
What is the function of epithelial tissue?####to cover parts of the body e.g inside of gut
Def: enzyme####biological catalyst
How do enzymes work?####lock and key theory
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?####40°C
What is the (general) optimum pH for enzymes?####pH 7
What happens if an enzyme is exposed to too high temps or high/low pH####denatures
Def: denature####active site of an enzyme changes shape and substrate no longer fits
RQ: enzyme activity####amylase breakdown
Independent variable of RQ: enzyme activity####pH of buffer solution
Dependent variable of RQ: enzyme activity####rate of amylase breakdown
How is rate of amylase breakdown measured?####how quickly iodine solution turns blue-black
What are the control variable of RQ: enzyme activity####concentration of amylase solution, volume
of amylase solution, temperature of solution
Formula: rate of reaction####1000/ time
What are the 3 digestive enzymes?####amylase, protease, lipase
What is the process of amylase?####starch → simple sugars
Where is amylase made?####salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What is the process of protease?####proteins → amino acids
, Where is protease made?####stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What is protease in the stomach called?####pepsin
What is the process of lipase?####lipids → glycerol and fatty acids
Where is lipase made?####pancreas, small intestine
What are the functions of bile?####neutralises stomach’s hydrochloric acid so as not to denature
small intestine enzymes and emulsifies fat
Where is bile made?####liver
Where is bile stored?####gall bladder
Why are large food molecules broken down?####so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the food test for sugar?####Benedict’s solution - after preparing it in a water bath add some
to sample. The more red it is, the higher sugar content.
What is the food test for starch?####Iodine - add iodine to sample. If it turns blue/black starch is
present
What is the food test for proteins?####Biuret test - add Biuret’s solution. If proteins are present the
solution will turn from blue to pink/purple
What is the food test for lipids?####Sudan III solution - add to solution. If lipids are present the
solution will separate into 2 layers with the the top layer a bright red.
How does air get to the alveoli?####trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
How is has exchanged in the lungs?####high concentration of O₂ in the alveoli it diffuses into the
bloodstream to be carried around the body high concentration of CO₂ in the blood diffuses into
alveoli to be exhaled
What are the features of alveoli that help with its function?####thin walls large surface area lots of
capillaries
Why are thin walls an adaptation of alveoli?####easy diffusion
Why is a large surface area an adaptation of alveoli?####more substances exchanged
Why is lots of capillaries an adaptation of alveoli?####easy access to bloodstream
What does the right ventricle do?####pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle do?####pumps oxygenated blood from the heart around the body
Def: heart valves####one way valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction
How does the heart work?####blood flows into the atria then ventriclesventricles contractsblood
moves out of the heartblood flows around the bodyrepeat
Where does blood enter the right atrium?####vena cava
Where does blood exit the right ventricle?####pulmonary artery
Where does blood enter the left atrium?####pulmonary vein
How do cells become specialised?####differentiation
What are organ systems made of?####organs
What are organs made of?####tissue
What are tissues made of?####specialised cells
Def: organ system####a group of organs working together to carry out a specific function
Eg: organ system####digestive system
Def: organ####group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function
Eg: organ####heart
Def: tissue####a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
What are the 3 types of tissue?####muscular, glandular, epithelial
What is the function of muscular tissue?####allows movement through contracting
What is the function of glandular tissue?####makes and secretes hormones and enzymes
What is the function of epithelial tissue?####to cover parts of the body e.g inside of gut
Def: enzyme####biological catalyst
How do enzymes work?####lock and key theory
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?####40°C
What is the (general) optimum pH for enzymes?####pH 7
What happens if an enzyme is exposed to too high temps or high/low pH####denatures
Def: denature####active site of an enzyme changes shape and substrate no longer fits
RQ: enzyme activity####amylase breakdown
Independent variable of RQ: enzyme activity####pH of buffer solution
Dependent variable of RQ: enzyme activity####rate of amylase breakdown
How is rate of amylase breakdown measured?####how quickly iodine solution turns blue-black
What are the control variable of RQ: enzyme activity####concentration of amylase solution, volume
of amylase solution, temperature of solution
Formula: rate of reaction####1000/ time
What are the 3 digestive enzymes?####amylase, protease, lipase
What is the process of amylase?####starch → simple sugars
Where is amylase made?####salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What is the process of protease?####proteins → amino acids
, Where is protease made?####stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What is protease in the stomach called?####pepsin
What is the process of lipase?####lipids → glycerol and fatty acids
Where is lipase made?####pancreas, small intestine
What are the functions of bile?####neutralises stomach’s hydrochloric acid so as not to denature
small intestine enzymes and emulsifies fat
Where is bile made?####liver
Where is bile stored?####gall bladder
Why are large food molecules broken down?####so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the food test for sugar?####Benedict’s solution - after preparing it in a water bath add some
to sample. The more red it is, the higher sugar content.
What is the food test for starch?####Iodine - add iodine to sample. If it turns blue/black starch is
present
What is the food test for proteins?####Biuret test - add Biuret’s solution. If proteins are present the
solution will turn from blue to pink/purple
What is the food test for lipids?####Sudan III solution - add to solution. If lipids are present the
solution will separate into 2 layers with the the top layer a bright red.
How does air get to the alveoli?####trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
How is has exchanged in the lungs?####high concentration of O₂ in the alveoli it diffuses into the
bloodstream to be carried around the body high concentration of CO₂ in the blood diffuses into
alveoli to be exhaled
What are the features of alveoli that help with its function?####thin walls large surface area lots of
capillaries
Why are thin walls an adaptation of alveoli?####easy diffusion
Why is a large surface area an adaptation of alveoli?####more substances exchanged
Why is lots of capillaries an adaptation of alveoli?####easy access to bloodstream
What does the right ventricle do?####pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle do?####pumps oxygenated blood from the heart around the body
Def: heart valves####one way valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction
How does the heart work?####blood flows into the atria then ventriclesventricles contractsblood
moves out of the heartblood flows around the bodyrepeat
Where does blood enter the right atrium?####vena cava
Where does blood exit the right ventricle?####pulmonary artery
Where does blood enter the left atrium?####pulmonary vein
