Psychology Themes and Variations 6th Edition. Doug McCann, Wayne Weiten & Deborah Matheson TB

Psychology Themes and Variations 6th Edition. Doug McCann, Wayne Weiten & Deborah Matheson TB Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Raphael and Paxton are roommates. Because they’re both psychology majors, they choose to dress up as their favourite early psychologists for a Halloween party in their building. They also challenge one another to act like these psychologists all night, and the first one to break character has to take out the trash until the end of semester. Raphael’s friend Samantha says that her best friend just started dating the guy Samantha had a crush on. Raphael asks Samantha, “And how did that make you feel?” Who is Raphael dressed as? a. Rene Descartes b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Max Wertheimer d. William James 2. Lucas is a 4th year student at Carleton studying psychology and is now considering more seriously his future and the career options he has. He is currently completing his undergraduate thesis (a big research project many psychology majors complete before they graduate). Lucas’ research is investigating how subjective feelings of fear activate the autonomic nervous system. If Lucas decides to get a Ph.D. in psychology after he graduates, he is most likely going to be employed in ____________. a. the private sector b. a college or a university c. a hospital or a clinic d. the government 3. Sam, Dean, and Cas get into a philosophical argument about freedom. Which of the three friends is most likely to say that humans do not have free will and that we are all products of our environment? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. c. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. d. All three of them are equally likely to say this. 4. Presho recognizes Vasia, her PSYC1001 teaching assistant, at the event. Vasia mentions she is completing a degree in neuroscience, but will also finish with a minor in psychology. She is most interested in studying the action of neurotransmitters in the pleasure centre of the brain. Vasia is fascinated by ________ psychology. a. biological b. evolutionary c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic 5. Presho meets Matt, who is a Ph.D. candidate who is studying the mental processes that students of varying ability (children, high schoolers, and university students) use to learn new math problems. Matt studies are related to which psychological approach? a. Behaviourism b. Cognitive c. Sociocultural d. Evolutionary 6. While conducting his thesis, Lucas made sure that all his research methods were empirical in nature. This means that the conclusions he reached were based on _____________. a. reasoning b. traditional beliefs c. speculation d. observation Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case Based7. When you visit _____________, he explains that your roommate is most likely stealing your food because ________________. a. Abraham Maslow; his physiological needs are greater than his need for self-esteem b. Carl Rogers; his physiological needs are greater than his need to be accepted c. Carl Rogers; his need for achievement is greater than his need to be accepted d. Abraham Maslow; he has met the steps of the needs hierarchy before his need to be accepted 8. Presho recognizes a girl who lives in her residence named Erin. Erin is a Masters candidate who is looking at the psychological effects of skinny- and fat-shaming both when the individual hears it in person and experiences it via social media communication. Erin’s study is focused in the ________ stream of psychology. a. evolutionary b. human-computer interaction c. applied social d. biological 9. The three friends get into an argument about what drives human behaviour. Which of them is most likely to say that in order to fully understand someone’s behaviour, we need to consider that person’s fundamental drive towards personal growth? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. d. All three of them are equally likely to say this. 10. Paxton is listening to his friend Nadav who is telling him about how worried he is that he will fail his physics class. Paxton reassures him by saying, “Our mind expands to accommodate new information. So, keep studying as hard as you can, and you’ll learn the material!” Who is Paxton dressed as? a. Rene Descartes b. E.B. Titchener c. G. Stanley Hall d. William James 11. You (and most other individuals) are under the impression that humans have the power to choose their own beliefs and behaviours. When you mention this to ____________, he disagrees and you get into a heated argument about your beliefs and his controversial theories. a. Abraham Maslow b. B.F. Skinner c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud 12. Which major area of contemporary psychology does Lucas’ thesis belong to? a. Social psychology b. Psychometrics c. Physiological psychology d. Cognitive psychology 13. Later in the night, Sam gets into an argument with Dean. What are they most likely going to argue about? a. Sam is going to accuse Dean of being too negative and only seeing the worst in people. b. Dean is going to accuse Sam of being too negative and only seeing the worst in people. c. Dean thinks nature has a bigger impact on behaviour than nurture and Sam thinks the opposite. d. Sam thinks nature has a bigger impact on behaviour than nurture and Dean thinks the opposite. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case Based14. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Dean most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother as a child. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to fulfill her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people after she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. 15. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Sam most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to fulfill her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people after she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. 16. During the party, Sarah gets upset and ends up sobbing uncontrollably in the bathroom. Which of the three friends is most likely to go to her, empathetically listen to her and treat her with unconditional positive regard? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud d. None of them is likely to do this. 17. Imagine that Paxton is dressed as Wilhelm Wundt and supports the theory of structuralism all evening. Whereas Raphael is dressed as William James and supports functionalism. They get into a few arguments. When their friend Nadav asks them if they agree on anything, how do they respond? a. “No. We are forever doomed to trying to prove each other wrong.” b. “Yes, introspection.” c. “Yes, systematic observation.” d. “Yes, stream of consciousness.” 18. Dean, Sam, and Cas are all best friends and decided to dress up as famous psychologists for Halloween. Dean dressed up as Sigmund Freud, Sam dressed as Carl Rogers, and Cas dressed as B.F. Skinner. They decided to not only dress up as those famous psychologists but also adapt their beliefs about psychology for the night. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Cas most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother as a child. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to reach her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people when she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case Based19. You travel to the office of B. F. Skinner. You ask him how he thinks you can stop your bad habit of biting your nails. What does he suggest you do? a. Scare yourself with stories about terrible illnesses and infections caused by nail-biting. b. Paint a vomit-inducing polish on your nails so you will learn to associate nail-biting with vomiting. c. Reward yourself every time you make it a week without biting your nails. d. Think about the reason why you bite your nails and work to correct that instead. 20. Keltie is the president of the PGSA. She mentions to Presho that she is almost finished with her Ph.D. and is currently writing up the results of her final project, which explored the effects of child eyewitness testimony on jury decision-making. Keltie is studying __________ psychology. a. sociocultural b. evolutionary c. forensic d. cognitive 21. Presho is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University. She moved to Ottawa from Calgary and has not yet made many friends in her classes. She decides to attend a games night meet-and-greet organized by the Psychology Society of Carleton University (PSCU) to connect with other Carleton psychology undergraduates. It just so happens that members of the Psychology Graduate Student Association (PGSA), are also attending. Presho decides to chat with as many students as possible to figure out what they like and dislike about their programs so far. Presho meets a fourth-year undergraduate named Chelsie. Chelsie is volunteering on a project that is exploring the difference between transformational leadership and ethical leadership on the well-being of employees in the workplace. Chelsie’s study is related to which stream of psychology research? a. Health b. Applied social c. Industrial/Organizational d. Forensic 22. During the party, Jason tries to light up a candle with a match and burns his finger in front of Sam, Dean, and Cas. Which of the three friends is most likely to predict that Jason will not use another match ever again out of fear of burning his finger again? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. d. All three of them are equally likely to predict this. 23. During the party, Adam walks over to where Sam, Dean, and Cas are talking. He notices that Sam has finished his drink and asks, “Can I kill your cup? I mean, fill your cup!” Which of the three friends is most likely to come up to the conclusion that Adam secretly hates Sam? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. d. All three of them are equally likely to reach this conclusion. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case Based24. Imagine that you have gone to visit your PSYC 1001 professor during his office hours and find out that he has a time machine in his office. He explains that the time machine works, except for a programming glitch that restricts the destination of the machine. This particular time machine can only travel to the laboratories of past psychology researchers. Seeing as you are an avid first-year psychology student, you boldly ask your professor if you can take a ride to a past laboratory. Surprisingly, he agrees, so you hop in, ready to travel back in time. You choose to travel back to Vienna in the early 1900s to talk to Sigmund Freud. You enter his office when he is in a session with a patient. Which of the following would you NOT expect to hear? a. The patient describing the dream she had last night in great detail. b. Freud asking his patient why she believes she dreamed about her cat eating a mouse. c. Freud asking the patient to describe the behaviours of the characters in her dream. d. The patient asking Freud what he thinks of her dream about her cat eating a mouse. 25. Lucas is not sure about what to do after graduation, so he decides to book an appointment for career counselling. Lucas is going to be meeting with a psychologist specializing in ___________. a. clinical psychology b. counselling psychology c. educational and school psychology d. industrial and organizational psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case BasedAnswer Key 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. a 10. d 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. c 19. c 20. c 21. c 22. b 23. c 24. b 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chap_01_6ce_Case BasedIndicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which psychological approach contends that psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully understand behaviour? a. cognitive psychology b. clinical psychology c. developmental psychology d. behaviourism 2. In which type of psychology would a psychologist work on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company? a. counselling psychology b. industrial and organizational psychology c. clinical psychology d. psychometrics 3. Which school of psychology focused on understanding the purpose of behaviour? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. neodynamism d. behaviourism 4. What would you focus on if you were using a multifactorial approach to explain your performance in a course? a. overt, observable behaviours b. the complex, neurological underpinnings of learning and memory c. both personal factors such as motivation and situational factors such as home environment d. the relationship between you and your professor 5. What is primarily an applied area of psychology? a. social psychology b. industrial/organizational psychology c. cognitive psychology d. physiological psychology 6. When did evolutionary psychology emerge as a modern discipline? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s 7. Who would have been most likely to say, “You think that you’re in control of your own behaviour, but you’re not truly in control”? a. B. F. Skinner b. Abraham Maslow c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers 8. Which area is most likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology? a. counselling psychology b. personality psychology c. developmental psychology d. experimental psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce9. Which of the following is NOT likely to conduct experiments? a. a social psychologist b. a psychometrist c. a psychiatrist d. a developmental psychologist 10. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems. What did he call this procedure? a. rational-emotive therapy b. behaviour modification c. primal therapy d. psychoanalysis 11. What did Freud conclude are the dominant causes of psychological disturbances? a. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level c. unrealistic demands from family and friends d. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way 12. Which statement best reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? a. With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with. b. In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans. c. A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject. d. It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans. 13. Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is very paranoid and experiences hallucinations. Which type of psychologist should Michael contact for help? a. physiological psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. experimental psychologist 14. If an evolutionary psychologist were studying sleep and dreams, what would be a likely topic? a. What is the symbolic meaning of dreams? b. Do sleep patterns change across the life span? c. Are sleep disorders controlled by environmental influences? d. Does sleep benefit health and survival? 15. Which of the following statements about psychology is TRUE? a. Since the beginning, psychologists have been involved in diagnosing and treating mental illness. b. Modern psychology is the study of the mind. c. Psychology and psychiatry are largely the same. d. Psychology is a scientific discipline. 16. What type of psychologist studies information processing and decision making? a. social b. psychometric c. cognitive d. educational Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce17. Which school of psychology stressed that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than the individual components of consciousness? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism 18. Which statement best describes the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist? a. Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists receive medical training. b. Clinical psychologists tend to take a non-medical approach to the treatment of psychological disorders. c. Psychiatrists cannot prescribe drugs. d. A clinical psychologist has a medical degree. 19. According to research findings, what has been found to be associated with higher grades? a. writing down everything your instructor says b. attending class regularly c. putting off studying until just before an exam d. not changing answers on tests 20. It is almost midnight, and both Janae and Brooke are still preparing for the final exam in chemistry the following morning. Janae decides to go to sleep while Brooke decides to continue studying for a few more hours. Assuming all else is equal between the two, what would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Janae will likely score higher because of getting a full night’s sleep. b. Brooke will likely score higher due to the extra study time. c. Janae and Brooke will likely score similarly as the sleep and study time cancel out. d. Brooke will likely score higher because of being less groggy (because of less sleep). 21. What is one of the main areas of interest for positive psychologists? a. situations that facilitate health and well-being b. symptoms of common disorders c. acquisition of wealth and social status d. factors involved in making first impressions 22. Why are critical thinking skills sometimes called transcontextual skills? a. If you have critical thinking skills, you can teach them to others. b. Context determines when these skills are necessary. c. The skills allow you to determine the role of context in a given problem. d. These skills are useful in a wide variety of situations. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce23. Which of the following researchers was among the first to draw attention to the parallels between computer and human information processing? a. Noam Chomsky b. Herbert Simon c. Jean Piaget d. Donald Hebb 24. What area of psychology includes a specific focus on people who are elderly? a. developmental psychology b. psychometrics c. experimental psychology d. cognitive psychology 25. Who is most closely associated with the concept that unconscious motivations influence our overt behaviour? a. Carl Rogers b. Wilhelm Wundt c. B.F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud 26. Several factors have contributed to the recent increased interest in research dealing with “cultural” variables in psychology. Which of the following is NOT one of these contributing factors? a. depersonalization of human beings by modern psychology b. recognition by researchers that neglecting cultural variables has diminished the value of their work c. increased ethnic diversity in North America d. increased contact with non-Western cultures due to advances in communication and travel 27. Which career setting is most common for a psychologist? a. elementary schools b. colleges or universities c. hospitals or clinics d. independent practice 28. Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres. Whose research should Annabel read? a. Roger Sperry b. Carl Rogers c. Alfred Adler d. John B. Watson 29. Dr. Webb is a clinical psychologist who treats patients with depression, often focusing on the effects of negative thought processes and hopeless attitude that many patients hold about the world, the future, and themselves. Which of the following is Dr. Webb’s broader perspective or approach to psychology closest to? a. the behavioural perspective b. the psychoanalytic perspective c. the humanistic perspective d. the cognitive perspective 30. How did Freud’s theories about human behaviour differ from prevailing viewpoints in the early 1900s? a. He proposed the existence of free will. b. He saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behaviour. c. He emphasized environmental forces on behaviour. d. He saw abnormal behaviour as resulting from biological causes. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce31. Marissa wants to study people’s emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that her study should focus on observable behaviours, rather than thoughts or feelings. Which psychological perspective is consistent with Bernard’s advice? a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. humanist d. behavioural Rhianna Rhianna has decided to major in psychology. She is very interested in human behaviour and would like to have a career where she could help people. Rhianna takes the approach that people are very much influenced by their experiences. In fact, she’s working with one of her professors on a research project in which they are looking at the effects of self-reward on study habits. Rhianna believes that she can take this knowledge and use it in other settings, like the workplace, in order to help people improve their productivity. 32. Which type of psychologist is Rhianna’s professor most likely to be? a. clinical b. structuralist c. biological d. educational 33. A speaker at a conference has just stated that genetics influence our behaviours, which in turn influence our survival. As such, behaviours might be genetically transmitted from generation to generation, with more successful behaviours becoming more common within a group. The speaker is most likely a proponent of which of the following approaches to psychology? a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. behavioural neuroscience d. behavioural 34. Who would be most likely to state that people have a drive to grow and fulfil their potential? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. G. Stanley Hall d. Abraham Maslow 35. Which area is considered an experimental area of psychology? a. clinical b. perception c. organizational d. education 36. What is a relatively recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events? a. psychoanalysis b. cognitive psychology c. physiological psychology d. behavioural psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce37. Suppose that there is evidence that ancestral females travelled long distances to acquire food, or that males required good memory for locations to find their way home. Why would this evidence be important for the critical evaluation of hypotheses about evolved sex differences in spatial ability? a. This evidence runs counter to the hypothesized selective pressures that would have created existing sex differences. b. This evidence supports the notion that these sex differences are learned. c. This evidence is irrelevant because ancestral gender roles have no importance for understanding modern socialization processes. d. This evidence is important for predicting what people in primitive societies will be able to do if they are tested for spatial abilities. 38. Who demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals? a. Roger Sperry b. James Olds c. B.F. Skinner d. Abraham Maslow 39. Researchers in psychology have to “see it to believe it.” Which approach to knowledge is this orientation most consistent with? a. empiricism b. humanism c. structuralism d. functionalism 40. What degree does a psychiatrist typically have? a. master’s in psychology b. medical degree c. Ph.D. in pharmacology d. doctorate in physiology 41. The effects of institutions and events such as Canada’s Residential Schools system and the Sixties Scoop in terms of the (intergenerational) trauma experienced by Indigenous Peoples are most closely associated with which of the following perspectives in psychology? a. psychoanalytical b. humanist c. behavioural d. cultural 42. Which of the following is NOT one of the stated objectives of the Canadian Psychological Association? a. to improve the health and welfare of all Canadians b. to promote excellence and innovation in psychological research c. to improve research into all aspects of mental illness, including causes, prevention, and treatment of psychiatric disorders d. to promote the advancement, development, dissemination, and application of psychological knowledge Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce43. What is NOT a reason for psychology’s theoretical diversity? a. Data can often be interpreted in several different ways. b. Psychology lacks adequate objective data to support theory. c. We need more than one theory to cover the variety of data available today. d. Different theories focus on different aspects of behaviour. 44. Of the nine specializations in modern psychology outlined in the textbook, which of the following specializations has the greatest percentage of academic and research psychologists, according to a recent survey of the American Psychological Association? a. social psychology b. developmental psychology c. experimental psychology d. educational psychology 45. Which “newer” area of psychology is most similar to the “older” school of thought known as functionalism? a. applied psychology b. humanistic psychology c. clinical psychology d. positive psychology 46. What did Watson state that psychologists should study? a. only the things that people, because those are observable behaviours b. only the things that people do as a result of experience, because reflexes are not valid behaviours c. things that people do, think, and feel d. only the things that people think and feel, because those are psychological processes 47. According to the results of a recent survey, which of the following is the most common work setting for individuals in Canada who have a graduate degree in psychology? a. independent practice b. hospitals/health care c. school/education d. academia 48. Which of the following pioneers of psychology was also a major pioneer of the advertising industry, developing techniques still used today, such as fear appeals, testimonials, the selling of prestige, and the promotion of style over substance? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John Watson c. Edward Titchener d. William James 49. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of empiricism? a. observation b. documentation c. speculation d. skepticism 50. Which school of psychology was most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. Gestaltism Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce51. Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate believes that Oliver’s research is only useful for understanding chimpanzees and cannot generalize to humans. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate apparently take? a. cognitive b. biological c. humanistic d. evolutionary 52. Which of the following is best supported by the fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors? a. a multifactorial causation of behaviour approach b. a psychoanalytic approach to explaining behaviour c. an empirical explanation of behaviour d. a sociohistorical explanation of behaviour 53. What would be of greatest interest to a cognitive psychologist? a. information processing b. adolescent identity crisis c. behaviour in small groups d. interpersonal attraction 54. According to Wilhelm Wundt, what was the focus of psychology? a. to understand functions of behaviour b. to understand unconscious motivation c. the scientific study of observable behaviour d. the scientific study of conscious experience 55. Which statement best reflects the current status of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? a. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology. b. Freud’s views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology. c. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology. d. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology. 56. If Dr. Scott chooses to conduct experiments with animals to exert more experimental control over the study, which type of researcher is Dr. Scott? a. psychoanalytic b. behaviourist c. structuralist d. Gestaltist 57. What were the first two major schools of psychology? a. functionalism and behaviourism b. behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory c. behaviourism and Gestalt psychology d. structuralism and functionalism Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce58. What was one of the first areas of clinical psychology to develop? a. personnel psychology b. counselling psychology c. psychological testing d. sports psychology 59. What kind of psychologist would focus on how aggressive behaviour changes as a function of age? a. social psychologist b. behavioural psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. physiological psychologist 60. In which of the following ways was Freud’s psychoanalytic theory a major departure from the prevailing beliefs of the time? a. because of its use of introspection b. because of its emphasis on unconscious motivation c. because of its focus on the role of heredity d. because of its explanations in terms of stimulus-response associations 61. According to Donald Hebb, what is the key to understanding the organization of behaviour? a. measurement of observable behaviour b. introspection c. analysis of unconscious conflicts d. activity at the neuronal level 62. According to humanists, why are animal studies of little relevance to understanding humans? a. Animals do not develop mental disorders. b. Animals do not have a self-concept. c. Animals have a much shorter period of development. d. Animals cannot communicate their thoughts to us. 63. Freud’s theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime. Based on this idea, which context influences psychology’s development? a. hypothetical b. empirical c. multifactorial d. sociohistorical 64. Desmond has just had an epiphany that computers and the human mind are both highly similar: they both can process only so much at one time, they both can store information in memory, and they both are capable of performing complex calculations. This observation was actually first made in the 1950s by which of the following psychologists? a. Noam Chomsky b. Donald Hebb c. Herbert Simon d. Jean Piaget Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce65. What does the concept of culture refer to? a. individuals’ collective unconscious b. demographic characteristics of a population c. widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a group d. genetic predisposition to behave in a particular way 66. Which question should you ask if you wish to critically evaluate evolutionary hypotheses regarding gender differences in spatial abilities? a. Are there alternative explanations for the results, such as differences in experience between males and females? b. Are there other differences between males and females that are more important, such as differences in intelligence? c. Are there other data that confirm this difference, such as performance among professional athletes? d. Are there ethical reasons that we should not conduct this research, such as the risk of stereotyping females? 67. What is a counterproductive strategy for note taking? a. Trying to record the lecturer’s comments verbatim. b. During the lecture, trying to anticipate what’s coming next and searching for deeper meanings. c. Asking questions during the lecture. d. When the material is especially complex, reading ahead on the topic to be covered in class. 68. Which school of psychology suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed? a. humanism b. behaviourism c. structuralism d. functionalism 69. According to research, what proportion of crucial ideas from a lecture are found in the average student’s notes? a. no more than 25% b. less than 40% c. approximately 50% d. nearly 80% 70. With which individual is B. F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? a. Abraham Maslow b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt 71. Which of the following people established the first experimental laboratory in Canada in 1891? a. G. Stanley Hall b. James Mark Baldwin c. Brenda Milner d. Wilder Penfield Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce72. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with poor grades, according to research findings? a. being absent from class b. changing answers on a multiple-choice test c. rewarding yourself for studying d. overlearning the material 73. Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with more rights for individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. Which psychological perspective do this editor’s views reflect? a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. behavioural d. psychodynamic 74. Which school of psychology takes the most optimistic view of human nature? a. structuralism b. behaviourism c. humanism d. functionalism 75. Which type of psychologist would most likely be interested in developing a test that would allow them to predict how someone would respond across a variety of situations? a. cognitive psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. physiological psychologist d. personality psychologist Rhianna Rhianna has decided to major in psychology. She is very interested in human behaviour and would like to have a career where she could help people. Rhianna takes the approach that people are very much influenced by their experiences. In fact, she’s working with one of her professors on a research project in which they are looking at the effects of self-reward on study habits. Rhianna believes that she can take this knowledge and use it in other settings, like the workplace, in order to help people improve their productivity. 76. Which unifying theme is reflected by Rhianna’s use of research to investigate her ideas about human behaviour? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. 77. Which psychological approach examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species? a. physiological b. humanist c. clinical d. evolutionary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce78. Which statement best describes clinical psychologists? a. Clinical psychologists have Ph.Ds. b. Clinical psychologists do research. c. Clinical psychologists are behaviourists. d. Clinical psychologists are licensed. 79. What is most likely to be studied by a behaviourist? a. animal training methods b. emotional reactions to trauma c. reaction time in response to complex words d. how children develop humour 80. Which statement would NOT be made by a humanist? a. Research on animals has no relevance to understanding human behaviour. b. Humans have a basic need to fulfil their potential. c. The behaviour of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances. d. Humans are unique. 81. Which area is most similar to clinical psychology? a. personality psychology b. social psychology c. psychometrics d. counselling psychology 82. Which early psychologist would be most likely to endorse the tenets of evolutionary psychology? a. Edward Titchener b. John Watson c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt 83. Which of the early fields in psychology most emphasized the principle of empiricism? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviourism c. humanism d. functionalism 84. Which statement would a strict behaviourist most likely agree with? a. The primary causes for human behaviour are unknown. b. Human behaviour is caused primarily by environmental factors. c. Human behaviour is caused primarily by inherited factors. d. Human behaviour is caused primarily by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce85. Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend, and she enjoyed it so much that she ate everything on her plate. Later she was surprised that he had found her behaviour somewhat rude because he had been taught that clearing your plate meant that the host did not provide enough food; she had been taught that clearing your plate showed appreciation for the food. Which underlying theme does the couple’s miscommunication illustrate in this case? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage. 86. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to have a copy of Hebb’s The Organization of Behavior on her bookshelf? a. a psychoanalyst b. an industrial/organizational psychologist c. a humanistic psychologist d. a neuroscientist 87. Dr. Escher believes that individuals may have a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Which underlying theme do Dr. Escher’s views reflect? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. 88. Which of the following is the largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology in Canada? a. The Structuralists b. Western Psychological Society c. World Psychology Organization d. Canadian Psychological Association 89. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to use the technique of introspection in psychological research? a. Sigmund Freud b. Abraham Maslow c. John Watson d. Edward Titchener 90. What is a key change that has occurred in psychology over the past few decades? a. Fewer psychologists now work in colleges and universities. b. Psychologists have gone from being specialists to being generalists. c. The number of clinicians is decreasing. d. Psychology has become less applied in its focus. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce91. Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Which perspective matches Liserel’s views toward the study of psychology? a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. structuralist d. cognitive 92. Which explanation is most likely to be used by an evolutionary psychologist to explain gender differences in spatial abilities? a. When they are young, males are more likely than females to be encouraged to engage in spatially oriented activities. b. The principles of natural selection tend to operate differently in males and females. c. Through evolution, males were classically conditioned to develop certain kinds of spatial abilities. d. Division of labour between the sexes in hunting and gathering societies created different adaptations for males and females. 93. Which theme is most consistent with the fact that Princeton students “saw” Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game? a. reliance on empirical evidence b. unconscious motivation c. multifactorial causation of behaviour d. subjectivity of perception 94. Which statement is most likely to be made by a researcher who studies pain perception from a functionalist perspective? a. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain. b. We can study pain only by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli. c. We can study pain only if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood. d. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. 95. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. B. F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud 96. Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and then measures changes in observable behaviour. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with Caroline’s method? a. cognitive b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce97. Mariska is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious reactions to several stimuli. Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct a study like this? a. structuralist b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic 98. The civil rights movement and the women’s movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. Which underlying theme does this change in practice illustrate? a. Motives and expectations can colour our experiences. b. Science evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Theoretical diversity is an important component in science. d. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. 99. Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism Rhianna Rhianna has decided to major in psychology. She is very interested in human behaviour and would like to have a career where she could help people. Rhianna takes the approach that people are very much influenced by their experiences. In fact, she’s working with one of her professors on a research project in which they are looking at the effects of self-reward on study habits. Rhianna believes that she can take this knowledge and use it in other settings, like the workplace, in order to help people improve their productivity. 100. Which psychological approach is consistent with Rhianna’s perspective that people are influenced by their experiences? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behaviourist d. sociocultural 101. Lynelle teases her brother and then he starts crying. If you describe the teasing as a stimulus, and the crying as a response to that stimulus, what type of analysis are you conducting? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. psychoanalytic d. functionalist Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce102. What contributed most to the development of clinical psychology? a. the advent of high-speed computers b. an increase in the number of people earning advanced degrees in psychology c. high demand for the screening of military recruits and treatment of traumatized war veterans d. an increase in public awareness of the symptoms of psychological disorders, and the rise of behaviourism 103. Micha tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist most likely say about Micha? a. Micha simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practise assertive behaviours. b. Micha should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity. c. Micha will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority. d. Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfil his potential. 104. A major similarity between the cultural and behavioural perspectives in psychology is that they both highlight which of the following? a. the importance of consciousness and thought processes b. the importance of personal growth and free will c. the importance of the environment in influencing individuals d. the importance of studying only observable behaviours 105. Which term refers to a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders? a. clinician b. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist d. psychometrist 106. Before studying, Erika looks at the textbook chapter for the major headings. After she reads each section in the chapter, she takes a small break or a short walk. Which of the following does breaking down the chapter into pieces in this manner accomplish? a. It causes a distraction that will ultimately disrupt Erika’s learning. b. It causes interruptions in studying that should be avoided. c. It helps revive flagging concentration. d. It increases fatigue and leads to poorer retention of the material. 107. Dr. Andrus studies the factors that predict good sleep habits and the ability to relax. She believes that both sleep and relaxation are key to living a balanced life, as well as being happy and productive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Andrus appear to take? a. positive b. psychoanalytic c. behaviourist d. cognitive Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce108. Psychological research is sometimes distorted or grossly simplified in media coverage, leading to misinformation or misconceptions. Which of the following statements is NOT one of the popular myths or misconceptions related to psychology, according to your textbook? a. Most people use only 10 percent of their brain. b. Hypnosis is useful for retrieving memories of forgotten events. c. The polygraph (“lie detector”) test is an accurate means of detecting dishonesty. d. The titles “psychologist” and “psychiatrist” refer to different professions. 109. Which of the following reflects the main focus of the school of psychology known as functionalism? a. understanding the purpose of consciousness b. understanding the basic elements of consciousness c. deriving general principles of learning d. deriving general principles of the unconscious mind 110. Which school of psychology emphasizes the unique qualities of individual people and suggests that we have a drive for personal growth? a. humanism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. functionalism 111. Which statement is good advice for getting more out of lectures? a. Look for hints or common clues from the instructor about what is important. b. Resist the temptation to anticipate what is coming next. c. Wait until after class for questions, rather than interrupting the lecture. d. When you take notes, try to be a “human tape recorder.” 112. What is most likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist? a. factors that determine group cohesiveness b. whether a job incentive program is effective c. play behaviour in preschool children d. strategies used by students to solve puzzles 113. What was an early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology and behaviourism? a. Gestalt psychology b. functionalism c. pragmatism d. structuralism Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce114. Phillip is a graduate student whose major area of interest is behavioural neuroscience. What would Phillip be most interested in? a. the ways in which genetic factors influence and determine behaviour b. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations c. how people relate to each other and influence each other d. the ways in which behaviour and mental processes change over a lifetime 115. Which type of applied psychology was most stimulated by World War II? a. industrial psychology b. clinical psychology c. educational psychology d. neurological psychology 116. What would a psychologist who specializes in psychometrics most likely be concerned with? a. counselling b. animal experimentation c. relationship between brain chemistry and behaviour d. developing intelligence tests 117. During World War II, many academic psychologists were needed to serve other roles. Which role was most likely for a psychologist at that time? a. clinician b. physician c. teacher d. military leader 118. Seligman believed that psychology was too focused on negative aspects of human behaviour, including pathology, weakness, damage, and suffering. Which new perspective within psychology did this inspire him to initiate? a. Gestalt psychology b. positive psychology c. optimistic psychology d. humanistic psychology 119. Which organization was established in 1939 to advance psychology as a science in Canada, and continues to play a vital role in the field? a. APA–Canada b. Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) c. Association of Canadian Experimental Psychologists (ACEP) d. Canadian Society of Psychologists (CSP) 120. Which of the following researchers is most closely associated with the study of cognitive development? a. Noam Chomsky b. Donald Hebb c. Herbert Simon d. Jean Piaget Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce121. Who was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology? a. Mary Calkins b. Anna Freud c. Margaret Floy Washburn d. Leta Hollingworth 122. Dr. Smythe believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the role that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. With which school of thought are Dr. Smythe’s views most consistent? a. structuralist approach b. behaviourist approach c. functionalist approach d. psychoanalytic approach 123. What is most likely a topic of study for a cultural psychologist? a. how travel affects openness to experience in children b. how cognitive errors lead to racism c. determining the genes associated with skin colour d. whether people in different cultures solve puzzles in the same way, or differently 124. Which psychologist proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behaviour? a. G. Stanley Hall b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow 125. Traditionally, women and their history have been underrepresented in psychology. In recent decades, this trend has begun to shift. In a recent survey of the members of the Canadian Psychological Association, what percentage identified as women? a. 25 percent b. 33 percent c. 45 percent d. more than 50 percent 126. In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of physics, because in his era, physics was admired as a “model” science. Which unifying theme from your text does Wundt’s attempt to imitate physics illustrate? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. 127. Which type of psychologist would NOT generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behaviour? a. evolutionary psychologist b. humanist c. cognitive psychologist d. behaviourist 128. Which term refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge? a. introspection b. application c. empiricism d. cognition Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce129. Which principle requires data and documentation? a. subjectivity b. multifactorial causation c. empiricism d. theoretical diversity 130. In an interview with a parenting magazine, an expert suggests that parents with troublesome children need to change the environmental patterns in which the children are being raised. Suggestions include consistently praising the types of behaviour that parents want to see in their children and avoiding accidentally rewarding children (by giving them attention) for less desirable actions. The expert’s views are most closely aligned with which of the following psychological approaches? a. positive psychology b. humanist c. psychoanalytic d. behaviourist 131. Which of the following people is credited as being the “founder of psychology”? a. Edward Titchener b. William James c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt 132. What is likely to be of most interest to a developmental psychologist? a. effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home b. dynamics of small-group decision making c. use of physical exercise as a means of combating depression d. effect of anxiety on problem-solving behaviour 133. What has been humanism’s most important contribution to psychology? a. the concept of free will b. the method of introspection c. innovative treatments for psychological problems d. a focus on the measurable and verifiable aspects of behaviour 134. Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. With which perspective are Professor Vasquez’s beliefs most consistent? a. behavioural b. biological c. cognitive d. clinical 135. If you reward yourself for achieving study goals, which concept are you applying? a. empiricism b. positive psychology c. unconscious motivation d. behaviour modification Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce136. Diane has a cup of chocolate chips on her desk while she is studying, and she eats one each time she finishes a page of notes. What does this tactic accomplish? a. It provides necessary glucose for Diane’s brain. b. It causes a distraction that will ultimately disrupt Diane’s learning. c. It leads Diane to rush through her studying. d. It provides an immediate reward to make up for the distant reward of a good grade. 137. What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour? a. unconscious sexual urges b. outcomes of an individual’s responses c. biochemical processes d. self-concepts 138. Which of the following statements about study habits is FALSE? a. Many students underestimate the distractions caused by music, texting, or social media. b. Sacrificing sleep to fit in additional study time may cause lower grades than simply sleeping. c. It is helpful to tackle other routine, simple tasks first so that you can concentrate on studying. d. Cramming is an ineffective study strategy for most students. 139. Which of the following is NOT included under the umbrella of applied psychology? a. cognitive psychology b. school psychology c. counselling psychology d. industrial/organizational psychology 140. Which approach do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective? a. They also try to remain somewhat subjective. b. They try to simplify their research problems. c. They consistently apply the scientific method. d. They emphasize the study of internal mechanisms. Rhianna Rhianna has decided to major in psychology. She is very interested in human behaviour and would like to have a career where she could help people. Rhianna takes the approach that people are very much influenced by their experiences. In fact, she’s working with one of her professors on a research project in which they are looking at the effects of self-reward on study habits. Rhianna believes that she can take this knowledge and use it in other settings, like the workplace, in order to help people improve their productivity. 141. Which concept is consistent with the research project that Rhianna is working on? a. Skinner’s behaviour modification b. Titchener’s introspection c. Rogers’s humanism d. Pavlov’s stimulus-response learning Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 21 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce142. What sort of psychologist will Rhianna be if she uses her ideas to help people improve their productivity in the workplace? a. experimental b. clinical c. industrial/organizational d. career 143. What would be expected of a clinical psychologist? a. study the effects of reward on learning b. conduct psychotherapy c. study the factors that motivate behaviour d. examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and task performance 144. Mark is constantly lifting weights and exercising. He believes that thousands of years ago, women who preferred a muscular mate might have had more children survive because of their father’s protection. Even with less danger today, he assumes that the preference for a muscular mate has been passed down for generations to today’s women. Mark’s reasoning was most likely influenced by which of the following individuals? a. David Buss b. Martin Seligman c. Noam Chomsky d. Donald Hebb 145. Which statement is consistent with the idea that psychology is empirical? a. Conclusions should be guided by theories. b. Conclusions should be based on direct observation. c. Research should focus on underlying internal events. d. Reason and logic are primary to psychology. 146. Which of the following areas of study would NOT be an area of interest for positive psychology? a. the personal, subjective experiences of happiness, gratitude, and love b. the origins of traits such as courage, perseverance, and integrity c. societal supports for civil discourse, healthy work environments, and supportive neighborhood communities d. techniques for treating patients using positive or progressive methods 147. What do behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? a. an emphasis on the role of sexuality in behaviour b. the implication that people are not necessarily in complete control of behaviour c. the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behaviour d. a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research 148. What is NOT an area of specialization in applied psychology? a. industrial and organizational psychology b. counselling psychology c. educational psychology d. cognitive psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 22 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce149. Who is most closely associated with the notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience? a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. John B. Watson 150. The psychoanalytic perspective believes that psychological disturbances are caused by _________, whereas the humanistic perspective believes that they are caused by ________. a. unconscious conflict; obstacles that interfere with personal growth b. unrealistic demands from others; maladaptive reinforcement contingencies c. unconscious conflict; unrealistic demands from others d. maladaptive reinforcement contingencies; unrealistic demands from others 151. Who stated that people do not have free will, because behaviour is fully controlled by external stimuli? a. B.F. Skinner b. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers 152. Which of the following types of psychologist was most likely to use the technique of introspection? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. cognitive d. humanist 153. Dr. Evoy does research that has examined the behaviour of individuals when they are in groups, as well as when they are alone. She has found that people tend to conform to the opinion of a dominant person within a group, and that this opinion tends to be much different than the opinion that would form if the individual were alone. Based on this information, which sort of psychologist do you think Dr. Evoy is? a. social psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. cognitive psychologist d. psychometrist 154. What would NOT likely be studied by a cognitive psychologist? a. how we remember things b. how children develop language c. how we perceive colour d. how people reason to solve problems 155. Which of the following best defines a theory? a. explanation of unobservable phenomena b. related speculations that are based on common sense c. system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation d. string of unrelated observations Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 23 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce156. In using the scientific approach, what do psychologists NOT attempt to do? a. overcome human subjectivity b. make their observations as objective as possible c. seek knowledge via the most reliable route possible d. overcome human empathy 157. In criticizing the structuralists’ reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. Which unifying theme from your text does James’s argument illustrate? a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. 158. Dr. Ramos believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the role that emotions play in survival and adaptation. With which theorist are Dr. Ramos’s views most consistent with? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. Edward Titchener d. William James 159. Rafael and Lydia met for a blind date. Rafael had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date, Lydia was friendly, but she was quite shy and didn’t initiate much of the conversation. Still, Rafael thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people he has met, and he can’t wait to see her again. Which theme does Rafael’s reaction to his date with Lydia illustrate? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Cultural heritage has a large impact on behaviour. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behaviour. 160. Which group would be most likely to suggest that people can have complete control over their own destinies? a. psychoanalysts b. humanists c. behaviourists d. Gestaltists 161. What would be expected of an industrial/organizational psychologist? a. providing group or individual psychotherapy b. providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems c. testing and counselling children who are having difficulty in school d. working to improve employee morale and attitudes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24 Name: Class: Date: Chap 01_6ce162. If Dr. Laker is an evolutionary psychologist who studies nutrition and hunger, what is a likely topic of study for Dr. Laker? a. hunger in response to specific times of day when meals normally occur b. cravings associated with foods that are necessary for survival c. the relationship