GACE Middle School English/Language Arts Study Guide

Which of the following was written closest in time to the literary English Renaissance? - Answer Beowulf deus ex machina - Answer other external intervention Which of the following is "descriptive grammar?" - Answer Naming the parts of speech A peer review results in another analysis of data and revision. What does this indicate about the writing process? - Answer It is recursive. Students who learn to expand on simple sentences are demonstrating _________. - Answer Intrasential growth Examples of Euphemism - Answer Belly up Joined the majority inner city Define Euphemism - Answer A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept Explain SRSD - Answer Self Regulated Strategy Development Self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) is an instructional approach designed to help students learn, use, and adopt the strategies used by skilled writers. It is an approach that adds the element of self-regulation to strategy instruction for writing. Recursive - Answer Writing is a recursive process in that the writer can return to a previous stage of the writing process while working on a later stage. In other words, while you are revising a manuscript, you may find yourself thinking of new ideas that could be included in the text. Which of the following best describes the most widely taught approach to the writing process? - Answer Recursive Pragmatics is the study of which of the following? - Answer The role of context in the interpretation of meaning When a statement does not logically follow those that precede it, this is known as which of the following? - Answer Nonsequitter The term comes from Latin "does not follow." One type of fiction is satire. Which is NOT an example of satire? - Answer Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (science fiction.) Define Malapropism. - Answer The mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect, as in, for example, "dance a flamingo" (instead of flamenco). Define Soliloquy - Answer An act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play How many classes of pronouns are there in the English language? - Answer 9 (Nine) Washington Irving wrote during which period of American literature? - Answer Nationalists Period Identify the following in parenthesis. The cat, (that is running) broke my vase. - Answer Adjective Clause enjambment - Answer A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. Define Accismus - Answer a feigned refusal of something earnestly desired What type of writing is designed to explain the instructions or directions for completing a specific task? - Answer Procedural Writing Define Syllepsis - Answer the use of a single word in two different senses at once. Define Anacoluthon - Answer a sentence that changes its grammatical structure in the middle, often to suggest disturbance or excitement. Define morphemes. - Answer A mixture of sounds that have meaning. Free morpheme - Answer One that stands alone Inflectional morpheme - Answer can only be utilized as a suffix Derivational morphemes - Answer alter the meanings of a word, their parts of speech or both. The cat begged for (food). What is the case of the noun in parenthesis? - Answer Objective - It's the direct object of the sentence. Define Infinitive. - Answer a verb form that almost always begins with the word to and functions as a noun, an adjective or an adverb She wanted (to go home). What is the parenthesis portion of the sentence? - Answer Infinitive Phrase Phrasal Pronoun - Answer A phrasal pronoun is a multi-word pronoun. An exaggeration or overstatement? - Answer hyperbole According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is the fifth stage of language development? - Answer Intermediate Which neoclassical period of literature took place during the 18th and 19th centuries? - Answer German Neoclassical Which neoclassical period of literature took place during the 17th and 18th centuries? - Answer English Neoclassical Period Which literary period took place between the 13th and 15th centuries? - Answer Renaissance A term made of two words that are intentionally or accidentally opposites. Some are jumbo shrimp, terrible beauty, and awfully nice. - Answer Oxymoron An anthropomorphism is a form of which of the following? - Answer Personification According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is the third stage of language development? - Answer Two Word Who wrote "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" - Answer Edward Albee Mary Ann Evans is otherwise known as... - Answer George Eliot Who wrote Agatha? - Answer George Eliot Which of the following was written closest in time to the literary English Renaissance? - Answer Beowulf William Faulkner - Answer Southern author from Mississippi who wrote: A Fable The Reivers The Sound and the Fury As I Lay Dying Light in August Absalom, Absalom! A Rose for Emily The Parlement of Foules was written by... - Answer Geoffrey Chaucer The Parlement of Foules refers to ... - Answer Ancient classical Roman author Cicero's "The Dream of Scipio." Cicero wrote - Answer The Republic As an example of figurative language, who first used the "ship of state" metaphor? - Answer Alcaeus Through the structure of his poem, "Proem: To the Brooklyn Bride" Hart Crane conveys and reinforces senses of... - Answer Stability, Regularity, Connection Which of the following literary theories would most inform Conrad's "Heart of Darkness?" - Answer Post-Colonial theories since Conrad's novel deals with characters in colonial Africa. Percy Bysshe Shelley () - Answer Prometheus Unbound Ozymandeus Ode to the West Wind To a Skylark Music When Soft Voices Die The Cloud The Masque of Anarchy Queen Mab The Daemon of the World Adonais Mary Shelley (2nd wife of Percy Shelley) - Answer Frankenstein - Gothic William Butler Yeats - Answer The Stolen Child The Wanderings of Oisin The Death of Cuchulain Who Goes with Fergus? The Song of Wandering Aengus The Wind Among the Reeds The Green Helmet Responsibilities The Tower The Winding Stair The Second Coming (1920's poem) Dante - Answer The Divine Comedy (Allegory) Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso T. S. Eliot - Answer The Waste Land - Eliot incorporates the Fisher King theme in The Waste Land. Referring to post World War I twentieth society. Emily Dickenson - Answer I Like to see it lap the Miles - Metaphor of a mechanical object as an animal. William Faulkner - Answer A Rose for Emily 1st Person PLURAL Narrative Kurt Vonnegut - Answer Timequake - 1st Person Narrative - semi autobiographical Edgar Allan Poe - Answer The Tell-Tale Heart - 1st Person narrator who is also a character in the story. Jay Mclnerney - Answer Bright Lights, Big City - 1st Person narrator who is also a character in the story. J. K. Rowling - Answer Harry Potter novels - Alternates between omniscient 3rd-person narrator and 1st person narrator at times. Sometimes the characters narrate. R. R. Martin - Answer A Song of Ice and Fire - Game of Thrones is based upon this series. Changes point of view to coincide with divisions between chapters. Erin Hunter - Answer Pseudonym for several authors of Warriors, Seekers, and Survivors - Changes point of view throughout series. Gustav Freytag - Answer Triangle/Pyramid (1863) - uses deus ex machine. William Blake - Answer The Tyger Aristotle - Answer In his "Poetics" - defined five critical terms relative to tragedy: 1. Anagnorisis - Tragic Insight or Recognition 2. Hamartia - Tragic Flaw or Error 3. Hubris - Pride, arrogance, Violent Transgression 4. Nemesis - retribution, punishment or payback of tragic hero 5. Peripateia - turning - plot reversal of tragic hero Hamlet's tragic flaw - Answer Indecision Hamlet suffers anxiety over what to do about his uncle Claudius's murdering his (Hamlet's) father. Who wrote Native Son? - Answer Richard Wright In Greek mythology, which of the following is best known for stealing food? - Answer Harpies Who wrote Liar and Spy? - Answer Rebecca Stead The story takes place in Brooklyn. The main character is a 7th grade student named Georges. He becomes a spy recruit, and must track Mr. X. Who was Plato's mentor? - Answer Socrates Which of the following was NOT considered part of the "Big Six" poets that helped shape Romantic poetry? - Answer Correct Answer: John Milton Members of the "Big Six" were Percy Shelley, William Wordsworth, William Blake, John Keats, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron. When a statement does not logically follow those that precede it, this is known as which of the following? - Answer Nonsequitter The term comes from Latin "does not follow." One type of fiction is satire. Which is NOT an example of satire? - Answer Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (science fiction.) Who wrote the following passage? All in a hot and copper sky The bloody Sun, at noon, Right up above the mast did stand, No bigger than the moon. - Answer Samuel Taylor Coleridge Who wrote the following? There was a Young Lady whose eyes, Were unique as to colour and size; When she opened them wide, People all turned aside, And started away in surprise. - Answer Edward Lear Of the following, in Greek Mythology, who is the goddess of marriage and childbirth? - Answer Hera Who is the God of War? - Answer Ares Who is the God of the Sea? - Answer Poseidon Ruler of the Olympian Gods - Answer Zeus In Divine Comedy by Dante, misers reside in the Fourth Circle. They must joust for the rest of eternity there. - Answer The 4th Circle of Hell Which poet of the Early Tudor Period wrote The Faerie Queene? - Answer Edmond Spencer The Last Olympian was written by whom? - Answer Rick Riordan Who wrote Ella Enchanted? - Answer Gail Carson Levine In Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who is Mephistopheles? - Answer A devil Which of these literary authors ensued legal battle over their copyrighted works? - Answer J.D. Salinger I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings was copyrighted in which year? - Answer 1969 Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf uses which of the following storytelling techniques? - Answer Stream of Consciousness Which Latin poet wrote Metamorphoses? - Answer Ovid Virginia Hamilton is the author of ___. - Answer M.C. Higgins the Great. Who wrote Ivanhoe? - Answer Sir Walter Scott Who wrote The Last Mission? - Answer Harry Mazer Which of the following is an epic poem which tells the story of the final years of the Trojan War? - Answer The Illiad In which Shakespeare play does the protagonist plot to avenge his father's death? - Answer Hamlet SQ3R - Answer SURVEY, QUESTION, READ, RECITE, REVIEW. 1. TEACH STUDENTS TO LOCATE MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING DETAILS 2. TO RECOGNIZE SEQUENTIAL ORDER 3. TO DISTINGUISH FACT FROM OPINION 4. TO DETERMINE CAUSE/EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS STRATEGIES - Answer 1. Teacher guided activities that require students to organize and summarize information. A. Evaluation Techniques: oral and written responses to standardized or teacher made worksheets. 2. Reading fiction introduces and reinforces inferring meaning from narration and description. Strategies - Answer 3. Older middle school students should be given opportunities for more student-centered activities.---individual and collaborative selection of reading. Choices based on student interest, small group discussions of selected works, written expressions. A. Evaluation Techniques: teacher monitoring and observation of discussions and written work samples. Strategies - Answer 4.Fundamental critical interpretation: recognizing fallacious reasoning in news media, accuracy of news reports and advertising, explaining their reasons for preferring one author's writing over another author. Evaluation Techniques: a. self-evaluation through a reading diary. b. teacher and peer evaluation of creative projects (encouraged). Strategies - Answer A formal evaluation that should be phased out: Reading aloud to the entire class. More favorable are a). one-to-one tutoring. b). peer-assisted reading. c). On occasion share favored selections by willing teachers and students as a good oral interpretation basic. Exposure to narrative and expository text - Answer A. builds and expands the knowledge base B. identify and distinguish genres C. learn how different texts are structured D. experience a variety of authors' writing styles, ideas and language usage across eras. Fiction - Answer Types of Fiction: 1. Folktales 2. Myths 3. Legends 4. Short stories 5. Mysteries 6. Historical and Science fiction 7. Plays 8. General interest novels Fiction - Answer 1.Should be read to learn more about character and plot development. 2. The role of setting and dialog. 3, Themes and narrative story structure. 4. Define and Identify elements of fiction (tone, mood, foreshadowing, irony, symbolism). Nonfiction - Answer Types of Nonfiction: 1. Textbooks 2. Autobiographies/ biographies 3. Informational books 4. Websites 5. Newspapers 6. Magazines 7. Encyclopedias 8. Brochures Nonfiction - Answer 1. Allows students to practice and reinforce the complex reading comprehension skills to succeed across the curriculum. 2. Reading curriculum should consist of literary and non-literary texts. 3. Include selections from science, history, and social sciences Biblical Allusion - Answer Mitch Albom's theme from "The Five People You Meet in Heaven" ----giving one's life to save another or the greatest love is to give up one's life for a friend. War - a popular theme for literature - Answer Ernest Hemingway- Spanish Civil War (novel). Poetry: "Johnny, I Hardly Know Ye"--anonymous 18th century Irish ballad Wilfred Owen's World War I poem-"Dulce et Decorum Est" Richard Lovelace's 17th century "To Lucasta" Information is produced rapidly - Answer Knowing how to access judge synthesize INFORMATION helps students throughout their lives. COMPONENTS OF NON-FICTION - Answer Purpose - The author's intended purpose in writing the piece. Audience - The author's intended audience. Argument - Does the author have an argument? Descriptive Writing - Answer A piece of writing might be intended simply to communicate an experience the writer has had in such a way that the reader might also experience. Persuasive Writing - Answer Has a thesis, either stated or implied. Thesis, either expressed or derived. Writer's point of view or advice ----is it reliable. Informative Piece of Writing - Answer One whose purpose is not to persuade but simply to give information. --- Is the information spatially, chronologically, visually. Points of View In Narrative Writing - Answer Commonly used are: First person. Third person. First Person - Answer The thoughts and opinions of a single character are shared with the reader. Third Person - Answer Omniscient- can move among different characters' view points. Limited- follows one character throughout the book but may be more observant of other character thoughts and actions than the main character. For most narrative writing the purpose is to: - Answer Explain and Entertain. "In medias res" (latin) - Answer {means "into the middle of things} a literary technique used by authors when they want to start the action in the middle of the story. A thesis should be a - Answer declarative sentence. Before writing a thesis. Teachers should encourage students to pre-write by free-writing ideas. Inductive Reasoning - Answer Particular instances or bits of evidence lead to a General conclusion (generalization). Deductive Reasoning - Answer General to Particular (a series of particulars leading to a conclusion). There are 3 means of Persuasion - Answer 1. Rational Appeal - Logical reasoning 2. Ethical Appeal - Established credibility (like politicians or veterans) 3. Emotional Appeal - a. describe an experience the reader/listerner can place themselves in the experience. b. Use charged words (like in the courtroom-unfeeling, etc.) alliteration - Answer Repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together. adverb - Answer A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb pronoun - Answer A word that takes the place of a noun preposition - Answer Connects its noun or pronoun another word in the sentence and always exists in a prepositional phrase interjection - Answer A word that expresses emotion simple sentence - Answer A single independent clause compound sentence - Answer A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions. complex sentence - Answer a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause compound complex sentences - Answer Contains two or more independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses informative writing - Answer Informs the reader. EXAMPLE: news articles, research papers, etc. explanatory writing - Answer type of writing found in functional documents that presents organized, detailed, and clearly stated information expository writing - Answer a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform. argumentative writing - Answer persuasive writing, to emphasize a side of an argument with reasoning allusion - Answer A reference to another work of literature, person, or event literary allusion - Answer A reference to a person, place, or thing from previous literature verbals - Answer words that appear to be verbs, but are acting as some other part of speech gerund verbal - Answer A verbal verb form ending in "-ing" that is used as a noun participle verbal - Answer ends in -ing, ed, d, or other past tense ending; functions as an adjective. infinitive verbal - Answer Begins with "to" and then a verb; functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. indicative mood - Answer The indicative mood is used to make a statement or ask a question. Most sentences are in the indicative mood. imperative mood - Answer a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior interrogative mood - Answer A mood expressing a question conditional mood - Answer mood expressing probability, possibility, obligation, or necessity of the action in the verb subjunctive mood - Answer A grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation. personal pronoun - Answer A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing in either the first, second, or third person. subject pronoun - Answer Used as the subject or as part of the subject of a sentence [I, you, he, she, it, we, they] object pronoun - Answer A word that replaces an object noun that follows an action verb or preposition. possessive pronoun - Answer This is a word that takes the place of noun and shows ownership. indefinite pronoun - Answer These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody relative pronoun - Answer These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. intensive pronoun - Answer These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves demonstrative pronoun - Answer There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing. interrogative pronoun - Answer These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. reflexive pronoun - Answer These are the ones that end in "self" or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun. Structural Analysis - Answer Dividing words into parts to discover what an unknown word means Semantic Feature Analysis - Answer Uses a grid to help students explore how sets of things are related to one another allowing them to be able to see connections, make predictions and master important concepts OPIN - Answer OPIN provides an example of context-based vocabulary reinforcement and extension. OPIN stands for opinion and helps students make meaning around keywords in a text. This strategy encourages differing opinions about which word should be inserted in a blank space. The exercise is open to discussion, and as a result, it reinforces the role of prior knowledge and experiences in the discussions that each group makes. The opportunity to "argue" one's responses in the group leads not only to continued motivation but also to a discussion of word meanings and variations. Cluster Diagram - Answer Cluster diagrams (also called cloud diagrams) are a type of non-linear graphic organizer that can help to systematize the generation of ideas based upon a central topic. ... For example, a cluster diagram can be used to create a graphic display to brainstorm about a topic like pollution. Morphology - Answer The study of the forms of words Orthography - Answer The conventional spelling system of a language Phonetics - Answer The study and classification of speech sounds Pragmatics - Answer The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, taking turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature Horizontal Alignment - Answer The degree to which an assessment matches the corresponding content standards for a subject area at a particular grade level Metacognitive Skills - Answer The ability to think through a problem or approach a learning task, select appropriate strategies, and make decisions about a course of action to resolve the problem or successfully perform the task Norm Referenced Test - Answer A type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured National Assessment of Educational Progress - Answer The largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what U.S. students know and can do in various subjects Criterion Referenced Assessment - Answer Measures student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards Prosody - Answer The patterns of stress and intonation in a language Marie Clay - Answer A distinguished researcher from New Zealand known for her work in global educational literacy and responsible for the development of the Reading Recovery intervention programme in New Zealand and expanded it worldwide Spelling Inventories - Answer These spelling inventories are used to help group students by spelling developmental stage. They contain lists of words that were chosen to represent a variety of spelling features at increasing levels of difficulty. These features might include consonants, digraphs, blends, short vowels, and so forth. DIBELS - Answer A set of procedures and measures for assessing the acquisition of early literacy skills from kindergarten through sixth grade Running Records - Answer A tool that helps teachers to identify patterns in student reading behaviors Language Comprehension - Answer The ability to construct linguistic meaning from written representations of language Metacognitive Strategies - Answer Refers to methods used to help students understand the way they learn Oral Language Development - Answer Developing the. skills and knowledge that provide the foundation for their listening, speaking, and writing Holistic Scoring Rubric - Answer Consists of a single scale with all criteria to be included in the evaluation being considered together Vertical Alignment - Answer When a curriculum is vertically aligned or vertically coherent, what students learn in one lesson, course, or grade level prepares them for the next lesson, course, or grade level. Teaching is purposefully structured and logically sequenced so that students are learning the knowledge and skills that will progressively prepare them for more challenging, higher-level work. Horizontal Alignment - Answer When a curriculum is horizontally aligned or horizontally coherent, what students are learning in one ninth-grade biology course, for example, mirrors what other students are learning in a different ninth-grade biology course. In addition, the assessments, tests, and other methods teachers use to evaluate learning achievement and progress are based on what has actually been taught to students and on the learning standards that the students are expected to meet in a particular course, subject area, or grade level. Tier 1/2/3 Words - Answer Tier 1—Basic Vocabulary, Tier 2—High Frequency/Multiple Meaning, and Tier 3—Subject Related. Tier one consists of the most basic words. These words rarely require direct instruction and typically do not have multiple meanings. Constructivist Theory - Answer Constructivism is a learning theory found in psychology which explains how people might acquire knowledge and learn. It therefore has direct application to education. The theory suggests that humans construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences. Phonological Awareness - Answer A broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes. Children who have phonological awareness are able to identify and make oral rhymes, can clap out the number of syllables in a word, and can recognize words with the same initial sounds like 'money' and 'mother.' Main Idea - Answer Central topic of a text, most important thought about a topic Listening Capacity - Answer A students ability to comprehend when reading is taken out of the equation and a student must only listen Analytic Scoring Rubric - Answer Resembles a grid with the criteria for a student product listed in the leftmost column and with levels of performance listed across the top row often using numbers and/or descriptive tags. ... When scoring each of the criteria is scored individually. Attitude Survey - Answer An assessment of the feelings of a population toward a particular brand, product, or company. Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategy - Answer A pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning (Ladson-Billings,1994). Some of the characteristics of __________________ are: Positive perspectives on parents and families. Communication of high expectations. Passive Voice - Answer When the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb. For example, in "The ball was thrown by the pitcher," the ball (the subject) receives the action of the verb, and was thrown Authentic Assessment - Answer The measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests. Can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice.