Engineering Final Study Guide Questions

How might we create the best possible solution to a problem? Engineers try to think "outside the box" in order to solve new problems or find ways to improve current solutions. What is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem? How many alternate solutions should you generate? Brainstorming with a group, research and testing possible solutions What is an engineer? What types of work do engineers do? -Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific principles to better or improve life. -An engineer is a person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. -Research, Develop, Design, Supervise, Manage, Production and Construction, Operations, Plant management, and Sales, Why Keep an Engineering Notebook? An engineering notebook is recognized as a legal document that is used in patent activities to... -Prove the origin of an idea that led to a solution -Prove when events or ideas occurred -Prove diligence in turning the idea into a solution -Prove when an idea became a working solution ("reduced to practice") What are the 4 best Practices for the Engineering Notebook? -Be Neat, -be Accurate, -be Legible, -be Thorough. Explain the concept of proportion. Paying close attention to the underlying basic shapes and the relative proportions of various features of the object will allow you to more accurately reflect the true shapes and proportions of the object in your sketch. Why would the ability to create realistic sketches make a person a more competent designer? Representing existing objects and new ideas with sketches can make the design process more effective and efficient and greatly enhance the ability of others to understand your ideas. Allows them to communicate their ideas more clearly. What is the purpose of sketching your ideas? provide a means through which one can quickly and clearly communicate ideas Invention A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation. Innovation An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something. Brainstorm A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion Constraint -1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. -2. A limitation or restriction. Design -1. An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems. -2. A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or made. Design Brief A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. Used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution. Design Statement A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed. Engineering Notebook An engineering notebook is a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project. Prototype A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments. Research The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Design Process and brief description of each step 1. Define Problem: Identify problem and design brief 2. Generate Concepts: research, brainstorm, and design matrix 3. Develop a Solution: technical drawings 4. Construct and test Prototype: test prototype and test report 5. Evaluate Solution: evaluate solution effectiveness and project recomendations 6. Present Solution: project portfolio, presentation Tonal Shading The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map. construction line Line lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes. extension line Line which represents where a dimension starts and stops. center line A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts hidden line A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible. object line A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object. dimension line A line which represents distance multi-view drawing A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes. leader line Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail. orthographic projection a method of representing 3-D objects on a plane having only length and depth. cavalier pictorial projection pictorial sketch A sketch that shows an object's height, width, and depth in a single view perspective sketch A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. cabinet pictorial Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale. isometric sketch A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection. oblique sketch A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle. 15. What are the 3 spatial Dimensions? Height, Width & Depth Orthographic Projection A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane. Technical Working Drawing A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes. Accuracy The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value. Precision The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result. How can statistical and analyzed data be used to inform, justify, and validate a design or process? Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. A statistical analysis is used to determine measures of central tendency and variation of the data. What is dimensional analysis and how can it help solve problems involving quantities? Preforming a dimensional analysis on a part will assure that all needed dimensions to create the part have been included. This will insure the part is made correctly. Why do engineers generally adhere to a set of dimensioning standards and guidelines? In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully and correctly and to the proper precision. Otherwise, the part may not function properly or may not fit into an assembly as intended. Dimensioning errors can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product. Convert the following - Show work, conversion faction and units. a. 2,375 trillion Meters to Giga-meters b. 23,439 milliliters to liters. c. 13 thousand microseconds to seconds. d. 9.25 yards to feet. e. 1.15 feet to inches. f. 5 ft - 6 ½ in. to inches. g. 4 ft - 3 inches to decimal feet. h. 67.5 cm to inches. i. 1.7 yards to inches. a. 2,375,000,000 x10-9= = 2.375 Giga-meters b. 23,439 x .001 = 23.439 liters_____ c. 13,000 x 1-6_= .13 seconds__ d. 9.25 x 3 = 27.75 feet______ e. 1.15 x 12 = 13.8 in_____ f. (5 x 12) + 6.5 = 66.5 inches___ g. 4 + (3/12) = 4.25___________ h. 67.5 x . = 26. in_______ i. 1.7 x 36 = 253__________ Why would you have to know how to convert measurements when looking at a technical drawing? If they are not in the units preferred by the engineer, they will need to change them Why is placement of your dimensions so important? So they can be read clearly without confusion How can you use units help you solve a problem? If the Units are all the same communication of size and shape are understood with out confusion. 28. Why do designers need to fully dimension a part? A fully dimension part is required to communicate clearly how the part is to be constructed. What does it mean when a sketch is over dimensioned? A sketch is over dimensioned when the same measurement/dimension is on 2 or more of the views: such as the over all width is placed in both the front and top views. This can cause confusion and increase the probability of the part being constructed incorrectly Histogram A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data Statistics Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, and presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data. Standard Deviation a measure of the spread of data values Normal Distribution A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set Range the difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data. Median A measure of center in a set of numerical data Significant Digits The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity What is Central Tendency? It is the Center of a distribution: Mean, Median or Mode. Prototype A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments. Calipers A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure distance or thickness What is the role of models in the design process? Provides a visual for all to see and helps them to see the viability of the idea. How can we use technology to make the design and manufacture of a product more efficient and less prone to error? Allows us to investigate the properties digitally before it is built physically. What is the purpose of a portfolio? How do you decide what information to include in a portfolio? -The Purpose of a portfolio is to effectively communicate the details of a project. -Title page, working technical drawings and an "exploded" presentation page with a parts list (i.e., whatever is necessary to communicate all the details of a project) physical model A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models. component A part or element of a larger whole scale model An enlarged or reduced representation of an object that is usually intended for study purposes. solid modeling A type of 3D CAD modeling that represents the volume of an object, not just its lines and surfaces. working drawings Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design geometric constraints Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.