APHY 101 Midterm 2022/2023 with Complete Solutions

Anatomy - ANSWER-examines the structures of body parts Physiology - ANSWER-examines the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it Levels of organization - ANSWER-Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Metabolism - ANSWER-all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life homeostasis - ANSWER-The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment homeostatic mechanisms - ANSWER-receptors, control center, effectors receptor - ANSWER-provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment control center - ANSWER-set point; a particular value, such as body temperature at 37°C (Celsius) or 98.6°F (Fahrenheit) effector - ANSWER-cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment negative feedback - ANSWER-If the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. As this happens, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effectors gradually shut down. cranial cavity - ANSWER-houses the brain spinal cavity - ANSWER-houses the spinal cord thoracic cavity - ANSWER-contains the lungs and heart abdominal cavity - ANSWER-contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines. pelvic cavity - ANSWER-contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs. serous membranes - ANSWER-line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering the organ (visceral layer). Aging at a cellular level - ANSWER-Cells mark time too, many approaching the end of a limited number of predetermined cell divisions as their chromosome tips whittle down. Such cells reaching the end of their division days may enlarge or die. Some cells may be unable to build the apparatus that pulls apart replicated chromosomes in a cell on the verge of division. Impaired cell division slows wound healing, yet at the same time, the inappropriate cell division that underlies cancer becomes more likely. Certain subcellular functions lose efficiency, including repair of DNA damage and transport of substances into and out of cells. Aging cells are less efficient at extracting energy from nutrients and breaking down aged or damaged cell parts. anatomical position - ANSWER-Body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, arms are at he sides with the palms facing forward Proximal - ANSWER-Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk distal - ANSWER-Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part medial - ANSWER-Closer to the midline of the body lateral - ANSWER-Away from the midline of the body superior - ANSWER-Higher on the body, nearer to the head inferior - ANSWER-Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below. anterior - ANSWER-Front of body/ body structure posterior - ANSWER-Nearer to or at the back of the body ventral - ANSWER-At the belly side dorsal - ANSWER-Backside Why is chemistry an important part of physiology? - ANSWER-Understanding the basics of chemistry is essential for understanding physiology, because body functions result from cellular functions that, in turn, result from chemical changes. atom - ANSWER-Smallest particle of an element