regulators
gene
as sere gene
↑ ↑ ~
operator
lactase
promotor
D lack
I
D O laclacY
lacA,
lac operon
for regulatory gene
Cellular control
-gene mutation:
change sequence
in of base pairs DNA
in altered
moucule:
polypeptide
Insection vcleotide inserted effect
base
randomly change
-
/ new hrock an codone later
= =
on
I
-delection=
nucleotide randomly deleted hoch
=
an effect frameshift mutation
substitution:D NA effect
-
base
randomly swapped for different base vo
=
hrock an
↳ silent a lter
mutations mutation does it
=
amino acid sequence
↳>
missense mutation mutation alters single amino acid
=
a
↳> codon-
consense mutations mutation creates premature stops translation
mini
=
stop
-beneficial altered b eneficial effects for
charcreteristic: organism
E
murations
-
results in
degenerate
genetic code Harmful murations characteristic:h armful ellects:genetic diseases
-
altered
-
-Neutral mutations to selective advantage or disadvantage
=
-
silent -polypeptide not
altered/only slightly f unction
altered: unchanged
mutations
-nucleus of every human body same
cell: every cell/not always express
genes:not every gene expressed in
↳>
regulatory mechanisms:e nsure correct genes are expressed t he
in right cell at the right time
↳
Transcriptional regulation, Post-transcriptional regulation post-translational
+
regulation
-structural gene codes
=
for protein that has a a
faction within cell
-Regulatory for that
protein controls the of structural
=
gene codes expression genes
-Las transcriptional regulation
operon:
=snuchral genes proccrycte
in ->
operon (gene c ontroved
cluster: by same
promoters
=control production of lacrabe +
structural proteins
↳
breaks down lactose -> bed as
energy sarce bacterial
in an
↳
inducible enzyme= only synthesised in presence of Lactose
=snuchre:promoter of structural gene (allows gene transcriptions, operator (represser binds to
inhibitgene transcription), stuchral genes:l a c 2 (lacrase), Lacy (permease),
Lac A
(trans-acetylase);promoter of requentory gene, lack (codes for has
repressor
proteins
"lac represser protein 2
=
binding bind
site- to operater
on lave
operon+ lactose (effector) =
prevents transcription of stuctral genes (RNA polymerase can attach to
promoter), binding lactoce
to repressor protein
=
shape divort=c a n t bind
operator.
to
gene
as sere gene
↑ ↑ ~
operator
lactase
promotor
D lack
I
D O laclacY
lacA,
lac operon
for regulatory gene
Cellular control
-gene mutation:
change sequence
in of base pairs DNA
in altered
moucule:
polypeptide
Insection vcleotide inserted effect
base
randomly change
-
/ new hrock an codone later
= =
on
I
-delection=
nucleotide randomly deleted hoch
=
an effect frameshift mutation
substitution:D NA effect
-
base
randomly swapped for different base vo
=
hrock an
↳ silent a lter
mutations mutation does it
=
amino acid sequence
↳>
missense mutation mutation alters single amino acid
=
a
↳> codon-
consense mutations mutation creates premature stops translation
mini
=
stop
-beneficial altered b eneficial effects for
charcreteristic: organism
E
murations
-
results in
degenerate
genetic code Harmful murations characteristic:h armful ellects:genetic diseases
-
altered
-
-Neutral mutations to selective advantage or disadvantage
=
-
silent -polypeptide not
altered/only slightly f unction
altered: unchanged
mutations
-nucleus of every human body same
cell: every cell/not always express
genes:not every gene expressed in
↳>
regulatory mechanisms:e nsure correct genes are expressed t he
in right cell at the right time
↳
Transcriptional regulation, Post-transcriptional regulation post-translational
+
regulation
-structural gene codes
=
for protein that has a a
faction within cell
-Regulatory for that
protein controls the of structural
=
gene codes expression genes
-Las transcriptional regulation
operon:
=snuchral genes proccrycte
in ->
operon (gene c ontroved
cluster: by same
promoters
=control production of lacrabe +
structural proteins
↳
breaks down lactose -> bed as
energy sarce bacterial
in an
↳
inducible enzyme= only synthesised in presence of Lactose
=snuchre:promoter of structural gene (allows gene transcriptions, operator (represser binds to
inhibitgene transcription), stuchral genes:l a c 2 (lacrase), Lacy (permease),
Lac A
(trans-acetylase);promoter of requentory gene, lack (codes for has
repressor
proteins
"lac represser protein 2
=
binding bind
site- to operater
on lave
operon+ lactose (effector) =
prevents transcription of stuctral genes (RNA polymerase can attach to
promoter), binding lactoce
to repressor protein
=
shape divort=c a n t bind
operator.
to
