Edexcel AS Level Geography Paper 2 Mark Scheme June 2022.

Edexcel AS Level Geography Paper 2 Mark Scheme June 2022. B Impact on the environment from meeting the needs of a person This is correct because it involves a measure of human impact on the natural world Incorrect answers: A Impact on biodiversity following deforestation in a given region is a result of one specific human impact on one part of the natural world C Number of species that a region can support is a definition of biodiversity D Number of people living in a kilometre squared’ is a definition of population density (1) Question number Answer Mark 1(b)(i) AO3 (1 mark) South west = 49 London = 33 (1) 49-33 = 16 (1) Award 1 mark for the two correct readings from the graph (names of regions not required). Allow 1 mark for correct method, with one or both incorrect readings Award 1 mark for the correct answer. Do not penalize if ‘%’ is added. (1+1) Question number Answer Mark 1(b)(ii) AO1 (2 marks)/AO2 (1 mark) Award 1 mark for recognising that regions with high population density have low recycling rates and a further 2 marks for explaining the reason, up to a possible 3 marks. For example: • Some local government waste collection strategies involve providing bins for different types of waste (1) making it easier for householders to recycle (1). • Lower recycling rates in regions with large cities (1) as many people will live in flats/apartments (1) where there is nowhere to store recycling bins (1). • London has lower recycling rates than other regions (1) because people cannot have compost heaps because they do not have gardens (1) so all food waste is put in black bins (1). • Other reasons may be used: income, culture. Accept any other appropriate response. (3) Question number Answer 1(c) AO1 (4 marks) For each way, award 1 mark for a measure of globalisation and a further 1 mark for expansion, up to a maximum 2 marks each. For example: • AT Kearney Index uses a range of criteria to identify globalised cities/ countries (1) by comparing criteria (economic integration/ technological connectivity/ political engagement/personal contact) showing how much trade/communication takes place (1). • KOF Index of countries compares variables which measure economic, social and political globalisation (1). More globalised places have more connections with other countries, for example in terms of trade, spread of ideas and degree of political interaction (1). • Amount of imports/ exports that a country has (1) shows the reliance on trade with other countries (1). • Percentage of the population who are foreign born (1) shows level of migration to the country (1). • More globalised countries tend to have more flows of capital, goods and services (1) leading to more developed economies, measured by GDP (1). Note that economic and social development are not the same as globalisation so do not accept GDP per capita, education or literacy rates or life expectancy or other similar measures unless explained as part of an appropriate answer. Accept any other appropriate response. Question number Answer 1(d) AO1 (6 marks) Marking instructions Markers must apply the descriptors in line with the general marking guidance and the qualities outlined in the levels-based mark scheme below. Indicative content guidance The indicative content below is not prescriptive, and candidates are not required to include all of it. Other relevant material not suggested below must also be credited. Relevant points may include: • Time space compression occurs as mobile phone networks have become more extensive so most of the world has fast connections by broadband and/or WIFI, making the world seem smaller as communication can be instantaneous. • Therefore, connections are fast and enable sharing of information, ordering, transfer of cash, education, employment without the need for travel, so space/distance appears to be made smaller as. • Many developing countries have ‘leapfrogged’ expensive landline technologies. Access to mobiles and internet are growing fast, with high speeds and low cost especially in urban areas e.g. Kenya, penetration is 83% of population in 2019. • Time space compression has occurred to a lesser extent for some people because rural areas in UK and elsewhere may lack fast connectivity or access to electricity so they are left behind. • Also elderly and women may experience inequality of access to ICT in some places. • Level 3 answers are likely to discuss both time and space. Candidates can access Level 3 by different routes as long as the criteria in the LBMS are met. Level Mark Descriptor 0 No rewardable material. Level 1 1–2 • Demonstrates isolated elements of geographical knowledge and understanding, some of which may be inaccurate or irrelevant. (AO1) • Understanding addresses a narrow range of geographical ideas, which lack detail. (AO1) Level 2 3–4 • Demonstrates geographical knowledge and understanding, which is mostly relevant and may include some inaccuracies. (AO1) • Understanding addresses a range of geographical ideas, which are not fully detailed and/or developed. (AO1) Level 3 5–6 • Demonstrates accurate and relevant geographical knowledge and understanding throughout. (AO1) • Understanding addresses a broad range of geographical ideas, which are detailed and fully developed. (AO1) Question number Answer 1(e) AO1 (3 marks)/AO2 (9 marks) Marking instructions Markers must apply the descriptors in line with the general marking guidance and the qualities outlined in the levels-based mark scheme below. Responses that demonstrate only AO1 without any AO2 should be awarded marks as follows: • Level 1 AO1 performance: 1 mark • Level 2 AO1 performance: 2 marks • Level 3 AO1 performance: 3 marks. Indicative content guidance The indicative content below is not prescriptive, and candidates are not required to include all of it. Other relevant material not suggested below must also be credited. Relevant points may include: AO1 • Development gaps can be measured in terms of income, gender equality, literacy and life expectancy. • Trends show widening income inequality both globally and nationally, suggesting globalisation has created winners and losers for people between and within developed, emerging and developing economies. • International migration has increased in global hub cities and region for example elite migration and mass low-wage economic migration which attracts TNCs. • The global shift of manufacturing and outsourcing of services can bring benefits via infrastructure investment, waged work, poverty reduction, education and training. • Some deindustrialised regions in developed countries face social problems as a result of economic restructuring: depopulation, crime and high unemployment. AO2 • Gaps between countries are closing as incomes rise due to permanent waged jobs, training and education which mean people can afford improved diets, to send their children to school and pay for medication. • Gaps within countries are increasing as wealth is concentrated in the hands of relatively few who offshore their earnings, paying little tax. • Elite international migration has moved wealthy people to a few global hubs, where inequalities are increasing, as low wage jobs exist to support their lifestyle and are filled by other migrants. • Deindustrialised regions in developed countries are ‘losers’ as locals lack skills to participate in modern work-places, leading to dependence on benefits and poor health which persists for generations. North-south divide in the UK persists. • Gaps may be more extreme for elderly and minority groups. • Core-periphery model is a useful tool for discussing gaps between countries, and also winners and losers’ terminology. Level Mark Descriptor 0 No rewardable material. Level 1 1–4 • Demonstrates isolated elements of geographical knowledge and understanding, some of which may be inaccurate or irrelevant. (AO1) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas, making limited logical connections/relationships. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to produce an interpretation with limited relevance and/or support. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to make unsupported or generic judgements about the significance of few factors, leading to an argument is unbalanced or lacks coherence. (AO2) Level 2 5–8 • Demonstrates geographical knowledge and understanding, which is mostly relevant and may include some inaccuracies. (AO1) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas logically, making some relevant connections/relationships. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to produce a partial but coherent interpretation that is mostly relevant and supported by evidence. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to make judgements about the significance of some factors, to produce an argument that may be unbalanced or partially coherent. (AO2) Level 3 9–12 • Demonstrates accurate and relevant geographical knowledge and understanding throughout. (AO1) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas logically, making relevant connections/relationships. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to produce a full and coherent interpretation that is relevant and supported by evidence. (AO2) • Applies knowledge and understanding of geographical information/ideas to make supported judgements about the significance of factors throughout the response, leading to a balanced and coherent argument. (AO2) Question number Answer Mark 2(a) AO1 (1 mark) • High pay (1) • Skill shortages (1) • Job vacancies/opportunities (1) • Good transport links/infrastructure (1) • University level education (1) Accept any other appropriate response. Do not credit ‘Jobs’ alone. (1) Question number Answer Mark 2(b)(i) AO3 (2 marks) Sharnford to Leicester city centre Journey time 0.5. hours (1) Allow 30 mins or ½ hour Speed of journey 34 km/hour Journey distance 17kms (1) (1 +1) Question number Answer Mark 2(b)(ii) AO1 (2 marks)/AO2 (1 mark) Award 1 mark for analysing the resource to identify a way access to transport contributes to social deprivation and a further 2 marks for expansion, up to a maximum 3 marks. For example: • Very few buses limits the access for people in village to city centre (1) as those without cars cannot get to work/school/shops for a normal start time (1) so people have to rely on neighbours/family for a lift/shopping(1). • Long journey time makes village seem isolated (1) so young people cannot socialise easily/ get to college/ visit medical services (1) so loneliness and mental health problems are more likely (1). • Distances are large so cost of using the bus is likely to be high (1) so people cannot afford the daily commute (1) so have to take a local job with low pay/few prospects (1). • Shops/pubs close in Sharnford so there are less local services (1) because the buses mean people can commute to find jobs elsewhere (1) so they may spend money in shops/pubs there (1). Accept any other appropriate response. (3) Question number Indicative content Mark 2(c) AO3 (4 marks) Award 1 mark for identification of an appropriate reason, and a further 1 mark for expansion, up to 2 marks each. • Many people want to live here/densely populated overpopulated (1) so there is a shortage of housing/school places (1). • Shops change to restaurants/bars to provide for wealthy incomers (1) leaving others to struggle to find basic foods (1). • High house prices so those who work here have to live a long way from their place of work (1) leading to long journeys times and less time with family (1). • Multiple occupancy of housing is likely due to cost/ unavailability of housing(1) leading to overcrowding, damp, and poor access to heating/bathrooms(1). • Traffic congestion on roads and public transport (1) leading to breathing problems and high incidence of asthma/ cardio vascular disease especially for residents (1). • Long term residents may experience mental health problems and loneliness(1) because they resent newcomers and the change that has occurred. • Unemployed/low waged people in the region will struggle to afford housing (1) as their incomes are low but rent prices high(1). Groups may be implied. Allow a reason (if valid) even if there is no clear group. Accept any other appropriate response.