SOCIALISATION, CULTURE AND IDENTITY SOCIALISATION, CULTURE AND IDENTITY
THEORIST THEORIES
Bourdieu High Culture - provide people with Cultural Capital - appropriate norms and values - The more Capital , the more Social Mobility.
Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies - Samoa and New Guinea. Male and female behaviour and gender role expectations.
Different compared to US - Arapesh tribe, males and females were gentle and cooperative. In contrast, in the Mundugumor tribe they were
violent and aggressive. Chambri tribe - women were dominant and agressive , not very involved in childcare - aggressive men were considered "abnormal"
- gender identity and roles are learned not biologically determined
McLuhan Global Village - social, economic and technological changes had meant that the world had become much more interconnected.
Due to volume of digital communication time and distance has shrunk. World has become a smaller place
Nayak White wannabe - white working class males who adapted the style and language of "black culture" - 'gangsta' rap and
dress in a similar style associated with black males Example : Ali G , famous for cathphrase "is it because I is black?"
Turnbull 1960s , anthropologist Colin Turnbull - described the IK tribe as "unfriendly,uncharitable and mean" - communication barrier, lack of understanding on
behalf of Turnbull - when gathering information : supremacy, ethnocentrism, look at info objectively, be mindeful of bias
STRETCH CULTURE , NORMS AND VALUES
CANNIBALISM The Wari people and The Korowai people of Papua New Guinea : exocannibalism , endocannibalism , necro - cannibalism. The Korowai believe in witchcraft and in evil spirits
- practice endocannibalism - it is necessary to kill and eat a person they believe may have been taken over by a demon. The Korowai people also can kill and eat outsiders who enter
their territory. The Wari practice exocannibalism towards enemies and members of different social groups and endocannibalism for funerals. When they consume members of their own
group it is done to show respect and affection to help with grief.
Socialisation
Parsons Functionalist - role of the family in primary socialisation , gender as a social construct - Talcott Parsons emphasised the important role of socialisation in creating value consensus in society.
Saw key institutions such as families, the education system, mass media, peer groups and religious organisations as working together to transmit shared norms and values
to each new generation for stability and continuity in society. Functionalists sometimes use an organic analogy , seeing society as like a human body with different organs contributing to the whole.
Is often referred to as a structural theory because of the way it sees parts of society as linked together in a structure.
functionalists tend to analyse social institutions in terms of the functions they perform for society.
Emile Durkheim Argued that members of societies need to feel a sense of social solidarity - feeling of belonging to a larger community and a shared identity. Durkheim was concerned that in large modern societies
people would lose their sense of belonging and become anonymous individuals - a sense of ‘ anomie ’, or normlessness - Durkheim saw the function of religion as creating a sense of social
solidarity through individuals participating in acts of collective worship and focusing on shared symbols. Parsons saw society as a social system and argued that all societies must fulfil four functional prerequisites.
Oakley - FAMILY Gender role socialisation in the family - Manioulation, Canalisation, Verbal Appellation, Different Activites. - A feminist who argues gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation
Lees - PEER GROUP Peer pressure and teenage girls - Pressure put on teenage girls by peers. For example, how double standards are applied.
Bowles and Gintis - EDUCATION Hidden Curriculum - believe education system is a ' giant myth-making machine ' - brainwashes children into obedience. MARXIST - School mirros workplace. Pupils are taught to accept
their place in society, believe that their achievements and failures are of their own making, and that everything is fair and based on merit.
Mulvey - MEDIA Male Gaze - Cameras ' eye up ' female characters encouraging to connect their bodies with their attractiveness.
Young - MEDIA Bulimic Society - Media is responsible for criminality - media has created ' bulimic society ' - constant hunger and desire to binge everything - consume media.
Modood - RELIGION Importance of religion to young Asians - 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% of white British youths.
Waddington - WORKPLACE Canteen Culture - Describes set of norms and values that people who work in particular organisations will be socialised to accept - used to describe culture of racism within the police
individuals who are not racist will start thinking and behaving in certain ways - socialised into canteen culture of police force
STRETCH
OXANA MALAYA NATURE VS NURTURE
BOUCHARD
Sociological Theory
Functionalism - Durkheim, believes everything Functionalism - most influential theory in sociology up to the 1950s. Effective at analysing how different parts of a society work together to provide for its members’ needs.
serves an important function Highlights how societies tend to operate more effectively when people can agree and cooperate. It has come under strong criticism fails to explain conflicts in society and tends
VALUE CONSENSUS to assume that society operates for everyone’s benefit equally. In a multicultural society like the UK, there may be conflicts between different religious, ethnic and cultural groups over,
FOR EXAMPLE : the role of women, the acceptability of homosexuality. Could be argued that where conflicts exist, it is the ideas and beliefs of more powerful groups that tend to dominate.
Conflict Theory Conflict theory - theories that see society as being made up of two or more groups with competing interests.There are social inequalities between groups.
Consensus Theory Consensus theory - One group of theories in sociolog. Emphasise the idea that societies work best when members agree on fundamental principles.
New Right New Right - a political idea and a sociological perspective. Associated with a trend in conservatism in the UK and the US in the 1970s. This approach combined neo-liberal
economics with more traditional conservative views on social issues. The New Right believe that the traditional nuclear family is best and are critical of other ‘non-standard’ family
types such as lone parent and reconstituted families - Lies in the theories of liberal economists such as Adam Smith -
THEORIST THEORIES
Bourdieu High Culture - provide people with Cultural Capital - appropriate norms and values - The more Capital , the more Social Mobility.
Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies - Samoa and New Guinea. Male and female behaviour and gender role expectations.
Different compared to US - Arapesh tribe, males and females were gentle and cooperative. In contrast, in the Mundugumor tribe they were
violent and aggressive. Chambri tribe - women were dominant and agressive , not very involved in childcare - aggressive men were considered "abnormal"
- gender identity and roles are learned not biologically determined
McLuhan Global Village - social, economic and technological changes had meant that the world had become much more interconnected.
Due to volume of digital communication time and distance has shrunk. World has become a smaller place
Nayak White wannabe - white working class males who adapted the style and language of "black culture" - 'gangsta' rap and
dress in a similar style associated with black males Example : Ali G , famous for cathphrase "is it because I is black?"
Turnbull 1960s , anthropologist Colin Turnbull - described the IK tribe as "unfriendly,uncharitable and mean" - communication barrier, lack of understanding on
behalf of Turnbull - when gathering information : supremacy, ethnocentrism, look at info objectively, be mindeful of bias
STRETCH CULTURE , NORMS AND VALUES
CANNIBALISM The Wari people and The Korowai people of Papua New Guinea : exocannibalism , endocannibalism , necro - cannibalism. The Korowai believe in witchcraft and in evil spirits
- practice endocannibalism - it is necessary to kill and eat a person they believe may have been taken over by a demon. The Korowai people also can kill and eat outsiders who enter
their territory. The Wari practice exocannibalism towards enemies and members of different social groups and endocannibalism for funerals. When they consume members of their own
group it is done to show respect and affection to help with grief.
Socialisation
Parsons Functionalist - role of the family in primary socialisation , gender as a social construct - Talcott Parsons emphasised the important role of socialisation in creating value consensus in society.
Saw key institutions such as families, the education system, mass media, peer groups and religious organisations as working together to transmit shared norms and values
to each new generation for stability and continuity in society. Functionalists sometimes use an organic analogy , seeing society as like a human body with different organs contributing to the whole.
Is often referred to as a structural theory because of the way it sees parts of society as linked together in a structure.
functionalists tend to analyse social institutions in terms of the functions they perform for society.
Emile Durkheim Argued that members of societies need to feel a sense of social solidarity - feeling of belonging to a larger community and a shared identity. Durkheim was concerned that in large modern societies
people would lose their sense of belonging and become anonymous individuals - a sense of ‘ anomie ’, or normlessness - Durkheim saw the function of religion as creating a sense of social
solidarity through individuals participating in acts of collective worship and focusing on shared symbols. Parsons saw society as a social system and argued that all societies must fulfil four functional prerequisites.
Oakley - FAMILY Gender role socialisation in the family - Manioulation, Canalisation, Verbal Appellation, Different Activites. - A feminist who argues gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation
Lees - PEER GROUP Peer pressure and teenage girls - Pressure put on teenage girls by peers. For example, how double standards are applied.
Bowles and Gintis - EDUCATION Hidden Curriculum - believe education system is a ' giant myth-making machine ' - brainwashes children into obedience. MARXIST - School mirros workplace. Pupils are taught to accept
their place in society, believe that their achievements and failures are of their own making, and that everything is fair and based on merit.
Mulvey - MEDIA Male Gaze - Cameras ' eye up ' female characters encouraging to connect their bodies with their attractiveness.
Young - MEDIA Bulimic Society - Media is responsible for criminality - media has created ' bulimic society ' - constant hunger and desire to binge everything - consume media.
Modood - RELIGION Importance of religion to young Asians - 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% of white British youths.
Waddington - WORKPLACE Canteen Culture - Describes set of norms and values that people who work in particular organisations will be socialised to accept - used to describe culture of racism within the police
individuals who are not racist will start thinking and behaving in certain ways - socialised into canteen culture of police force
STRETCH
OXANA MALAYA NATURE VS NURTURE
BOUCHARD
Sociological Theory
Functionalism - Durkheim, believes everything Functionalism - most influential theory in sociology up to the 1950s. Effective at analysing how different parts of a society work together to provide for its members’ needs.
serves an important function Highlights how societies tend to operate more effectively when people can agree and cooperate. It has come under strong criticism fails to explain conflicts in society and tends
VALUE CONSENSUS to assume that society operates for everyone’s benefit equally. In a multicultural society like the UK, there may be conflicts between different religious, ethnic and cultural groups over,
FOR EXAMPLE : the role of women, the acceptability of homosexuality. Could be argued that where conflicts exist, it is the ideas and beliefs of more powerful groups that tend to dominate.
Conflict Theory Conflict theory - theories that see society as being made up of two or more groups with competing interests.There are social inequalities between groups.
Consensus Theory Consensus theory - One group of theories in sociolog. Emphasise the idea that societies work best when members agree on fundamental principles.
New Right New Right - a political idea and a sociological perspective. Associated with a trend in conservatism in the UK and the US in the 1970s. This approach combined neo-liberal
economics with more traditional conservative views on social issues. The New Right believe that the traditional nuclear family is best and are critical of other ‘non-standard’ family
types such as lone parent and reconstituted families - Lies in the theories of liberal economists such as Adam Smith -
