,Periodic trends
ionization energy
atomic radius
electron affinity
, • In boron the valence electron to be removed is in
a p-orbital
• This electron is further from the nucleus and
experiences a weaker force of attraction to the
positive nucleus
• Less energy required to remove electron (lower
ionisation energy than expected)
• In oxygen the valence electron to be removed
is in a p-orbital that already has an electron
• The valence electron is repelled slightly by
this electron meaning less energy is required
to remove it
ionization energy
atomic radius
electron affinity
, • In boron the valence electron to be removed is in
a p-orbital
• This electron is further from the nucleus and
experiences a weaker force of attraction to the
positive nucleus
• Less energy required to remove electron (lower
ionisation energy than expected)
• In oxygen the valence electron to be removed
is in a p-orbital that already has an electron
• The valence electron is repelled slightly by
this electron meaning less energy is required
to remove it
