FUNCTIONAL GROUP
CHEMITRY FOR DESIGNER
MOLECULES
Unit 14 Assignment A
UNIT 14 APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMITRY
, 01/10/2022
Table of Contents
Explain the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional group compounds. (P1) .. 3
Halogenoalkanes ................................................................................................................................. 3
Trend of the halogenoalkanes ........................................................................................................ 4
Reactivity:........................................................................................................................................ 5
Nucleophilic substitution ................................................................................................................. 5
Elimination ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Industrial uses ................................................................................................................................. 8
Alcohols ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Dehydration of alcohols ................................................................................................................ 10
Elimination reactions .................................................................................................................... 10
Oxidation ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 13
Amines .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Neutrophilic properties of amines ................................................................................................ 15
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 15
Aldehydes and ketones and their reactions ..................................................................................... 15
Oxidation and reductions.............................................................................................................. 16
Nucleophilic addition of aldehyde and ketone with HCN ............................................................. 18
Addition-elimination reaction ....................................................................................................... 19
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 19
Carboxylic acids ................................................................................................................................. 20
How to make a carboxylic acid with alcohols or aldehydes ......................................................... 21
Acidity ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Reduction ...................................................................................................................................... 22
ESTER............................................................................................................................................. 23
Acyl chloride...................................................................................................................................... 24
Reactions ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 26
Acid anhydrides................................................................................................................................. 26
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 27
Amides .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Hydrolysis of amides ..................................................................................................................... 27
Reduction of amides ..................................................................................................................... 28
Polyamides .................................................................................................................................... 28
Construct mechanisms for non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds. (M1) ........................................ 29
1
, 01/10/2022
Nucleophilic addition of aldehyde and ketone with HCN ................................................................. 29
Elimination or Substitution of halogenoalkane ............................................................................... 30
Addition-elimination reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)................................... 31
Plan a multi-step synthesis of carbonyl and non-carbonyl organic molecules in order to produce
many organic substances, taking more than one reaction step. (M2) ............................................... 33
N-ethylacetamide.............................................................................................................................. 34
Ester (ethyl ethanoate) ..................................................................................................................... 35
Analyse the types of reaction mechanisms undergone by non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds.
(D1) ....................................................................................................................................................... 38
Correlation between non-carbonyl and carbonyl............................................................................. 38
2
, 01/10/2022
Explain the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl
functional group compounds. (P1)
Halogenoalkanes
When one or more halogens are joined to alkanes, the result is a halogenoalkane.
Halogenoalkanes can also be divided into three categories:
3
CHEMITRY FOR DESIGNER
MOLECULES
Unit 14 Assignment A
UNIT 14 APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMITRY
, 01/10/2022
Table of Contents
Explain the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional group compounds. (P1) .. 3
Halogenoalkanes ................................................................................................................................. 3
Trend of the halogenoalkanes ........................................................................................................ 4
Reactivity:........................................................................................................................................ 5
Nucleophilic substitution ................................................................................................................. 5
Elimination ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Industrial uses ................................................................................................................................. 8
Alcohols ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Dehydration of alcohols ................................................................................................................ 10
Elimination reactions .................................................................................................................... 10
Oxidation ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 13
Amines .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Neutrophilic properties of amines ................................................................................................ 15
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 15
Aldehydes and ketones and their reactions ..................................................................................... 15
Oxidation and reductions.............................................................................................................. 16
Nucleophilic addition of aldehyde and ketone with HCN ............................................................. 18
Addition-elimination reaction ....................................................................................................... 19
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 19
Carboxylic acids ................................................................................................................................. 20
How to make a carboxylic acid with alcohols or aldehydes ......................................................... 21
Acidity ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Reduction ...................................................................................................................................... 22
ESTER............................................................................................................................................. 23
Acyl chloride...................................................................................................................................... 24
Reactions ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 26
Acid anhydrides................................................................................................................................. 26
Industrial uses ............................................................................................................................... 27
Amides .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Hydrolysis of amides ..................................................................................................................... 27
Reduction of amides ..................................................................................................................... 28
Polyamides .................................................................................................................................... 28
Construct mechanisms for non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds. (M1) ........................................ 29
1
, 01/10/2022
Nucleophilic addition of aldehyde and ketone with HCN ................................................................. 29
Elimination or Substitution of halogenoalkane ............................................................................... 30
Addition-elimination reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)................................... 31
Plan a multi-step synthesis of carbonyl and non-carbonyl organic molecules in order to produce
many organic substances, taking more than one reaction step. (M2) ............................................... 33
N-ethylacetamide.............................................................................................................................. 34
Ester (ethyl ethanoate) ..................................................................................................................... 35
Analyse the types of reaction mechanisms undergone by non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds.
(D1) ....................................................................................................................................................... 38
Correlation between non-carbonyl and carbonyl............................................................................. 38
2
, 01/10/2022
Explain the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl
functional group compounds. (P1)
Halogenoalkanes
When one or more halogens are joined to alkanes, the result is a halogenoalkane.
Halogenoalkanes can also be divided into three categories:
3
