WGU D094 Test 1 Review Questions and Answers 2023

WGU D094 Test 1 Review Questions and Answers 2023 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 1 Biological and Physiological needs: basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 2 Safety Needs: protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 3 Belongingness and Love needs: family, affection, relationships, work group, etc. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 4 Esteem needs: achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 5 Cognitive needs: knowledge, meaning, self-awareness Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 6 Aesthetic needs: beauty, balance, form, etc. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 7 Self-actualization: personal growth, self-fulfillment Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 8 Transcendence: helping others to self-actualize Stages of Physical Development INFANCY (Birth - 2 years) INFANTS: hold heads up, roll over, reach for things, sit, crawl, begin to walk, increased coordination, manipulate objects with hands BY AGE 2: feed themselves with hands, jump and run awkwardly, throw a ball, pull a zipper down, make a tower of blocks Stages of Physical Development EARLY CHILDHOOD (2 - 6 years) TODDLERS: love to run, hop, tumble, play, swing, jigsaw puzzles, string beads, fine motor skills begin developing BY AGE 4: print name, eats with utensils, dress and undress self Stages of Physical Development MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6 - 10 years) slow, steady weight gain, speed and coordination improve, begin organized sports BY AGE 10: improved writing skills, engages in organized sports Stages of Physical Development ADOLESCENCE (10 - 18 years) weight and heigh increase, girls typically begin puberty before boys BY LATE ADOLESCENCE: boys are typically taller and more muscular than girls of the same age, girls' physical growth slows, boys may grow into early adulthood Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development STAGE 1 SENSIORIMOTOR - Birth to 2 years - Babies = 5 senses and gross motor skills. Objective permeance by the end of the stage Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development STAGE 2 PREOPERATIONAL - 2 to 7 years - Pre = Preschoolers = illogical, egocentric Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development STAGE 3 CONCRETE OPERATIONAL - 7 to 11 years - Grade Schoolers = Factual. They like concrete hands-on activities Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development STAGE 4 FORMAL OPERATIONAL - 11 years and older - Think abstractly and use hypotheses The Basic Principles of Piaget's Theory - Assimilation: New information comes in and it is the same/similar to previous information. You just add to your scheme. The s in assimilation stands for the same. - Accommodation: New information comes in and is different than previous schemes. You have to change your scheme. The c in accommodation stands for change. MKO (Vygotsky) More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) - According to Vygotsky we learn through socialization with a More Knowledgeable Other (an adult, older child, or more knowledgeable peer). Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) Zone of Proximal Development - The just right place to teach a child. Not too hard, not too easy. They need a little support (scaffolding) from the teacher. Think of first and second grade reading groups - these groups are placing the students in their zone of proximal development. Scaffolding (Vygotsky) Scaffolding - Supporting the students in their learning. Asking leading questions, providing hints, clues, without directly giving students the answer. 3 Types of Speech (Vygotsky) 1. Social Speech - When we talk to others 2. Private Speech - When we talk out loud to ourselves. This occurs between ages 3-7. A child cannot speak quietly inside his/her head. 3. Silent Inner Speech - When we talk inside our head. No one can hear our private inner thoughts. Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development TRUST VS. MISTRUST (birth to 1 year) - Learning that a care giver will meet the baby's needs Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT (1 to 3 years) - The me do stage - Pick this choice when the child insists on doing something in the scenario. Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3 to 6 years) - Pick this choice when the scenario mentions exploration. Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6 - 12 years - grade schoolers) At this stage we want to provide positive reinforcement to students. Focus on their strengths. Help everyone to be successful. Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12 - 18 years -middle and high schoolers) The adolescents is trying to figure out what they want to do with their lives. Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (20s through early 40s)- Finding a partner and friends. Having people, you can count on and not feeling alone. Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning - Social Learning = Social Cognitivism - Modeling and Emulation - "Bobo Doll Experiment" - "Monkey see, Monkey do" - You watch someone model a behavior and then try and emulate (copy) it. Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning 3 TYPES OF MODELS 3 Kinds of Models 1. live - demonstrates behavior in person 2. verbal - explain or describe behavior 3. symbolic - books, movies, tv, video games, etc. Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning FOR LEARNING TO BE SUCCESSFUL For Learning (emulation) to be successful: 1. Attention- Focus, pay attention 2. Retention - Remember it 3. Reproduction - Be able to perform it 4. Motivation - Want to copy the model Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development PRECONVENTIONAL Preconventional- When you follow rule because there is either a punishment or reward (Instrumental Relativist). Take the PRE in Preconventional. The P stands for punishment and the re stands for reward. Stage 1: Punishment-obedience orientation Stage 2: Instrumental orientation Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development CONVENTIONAL When you follow the rules because that is the rule or because you do not want to be judged poorly. Picture someone wearing an "I Love Rules" shirt. "I love the rules" "I am such a good person" Stage 3: Good boy-nice girl orientation Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development POST CONVENTIONAL When you question the rules, seek to change the rules, or knowingly break the rules because you do not agree with them. Take the ST in Post and think of stupid. This person thinks the rules are stupid, they will not follow them, and they do not care if they get caught. I will follow my own internal moral compass. Usually refers to social justice type issues. Stage 5: Social contract orientation Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation Gilligan's Ethics of Care Theory - Females view morality through a lens of caring for others. - Gilligan believes there are Gender Differences in how we approach moral dilemmas - The G in Gilligan stands for Girl Power or Gender Differences Gilligan's Ethics of Care Theory PRECONVENTIONAL I make a moral decision for myself: I love myself Gilligan's Ethics of Care Theory CONVENTIONAL I make a moral decision based on others: I love you more than I love myself Gilligan's Ethics of Care Theory POSTCONVENTIONAL I make a moral decision based on others and myself: I love myself AND I love you Stages of Social and Emotional Development INFANTS AND BABIES By 2 months Cry to get needs met Occasionally self-soothe by sucking on hands and fingers Start to smile and look directly at you By 4 months Cry in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired Smile in response to caregiver's smile Play with toys by shaking them By 6 months Are more aware of which people are familiar and which are strangers Can respond to other people's emotions by crying, smiling, or laughing Enjoy looking at themselves in the mirror By 9 months · Start to show stranger anxiety · May cry when familiar faces aren't around · Start to prefer some toys over others By 12 months · Play favorites with familiar people · Are more interactive (like handing over a toy or a book or making a specific noise to get a caregiver's attention) · Enjoy simple interactive games, like patty-cake and peekaboo Stages of Social and Emotional Development TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS Ages 18 months-2 years · Have more temper tantrums and become more defiant as they try to communicate and be independent · Start simple pretend play, like imitating what adults or other kids are doing · Become interested in having other kids around, but are more likely to play alongside them (parallel play) than with them (cooperative play) Ages 3-4 years · Start to show and verbalize a wider range of emotion · Are interested in pretend play, but may confuse real and "make believe" · Are spontaneously kind and caring · Start playing with other kids and separate from caregivers more easily · May still have tantrums because of changes in routine or not getting what they want