NR_503 Epidemiological Analysis On Prostate Cancer.

NR_503 Epidemiological Analysis On Prostate Cancer. NR_503 Epidemiological Analysis On Prostate Cancer 1 Prostate Cancer 2 Prostate cancer is a common chronic disease which affects male in middle age or later which is mostly diagnosed in elderly males aged above 65 years. Early prostate cancer doesn’t have any symptoms, it is usually diagnosed at health screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam (DRE). Since the last few decades, this chronic disease has become a major health issue worldwide. Prostate cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the prostate (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). Some of the rare cancers which start in the prostate are small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, transitional cell carcinomas, and sarcomas. In American men, prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer. It is the second leading cause of death in men due to cancer in America (CDC, 2019). The highest rates of prostate cancer are reported in Western and Nothern Europe and North America may be mainly due to the wide screening of PSA compared to Asian countries (Krishnamoorhty & Padmanabha, 2016). According to the Indian Journal of Urology (2016), the annual rate for prostate cancer in India is 5 to 9.1 per 100,000/year, compared to 110.4 for white males and 180.9 in black males in the United States (Krishnamoorhty & Padmanabha, 2016). Black men have a higher incidence (1.6 times) and mortality due to prostate cancer than white men (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). Screening of prostate cancer is a way to detect cancer but there is a lot of controversies regarding the screening of what age to start, and what is the best method for prostate screening (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). This paper will discuss the background and significance of prostate cancer, its surveillance, and reporting. It will also show the epidemiological analysis, screening, and guidelines for prostate cancer. Lastly, there will be a plan with integrating evidence and the summary of the paper. 3 Background and Significance The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in men which is at the pelvis region. It is partly muscular and glandular that surrounds the urethra right below the urinary bladder base, anterior to the rectum. It measures 5x4x3 cm and weighs about 20 g from 20 to 50 years of age, its size increases from 60 to 80 years of age. The prostate gland has three zones, peripheral which is 70% of total gland volume, central and transitional. The prostate gland’s primary function is to create and secret alkaline fluid for ejaculation. A glycoprotein enzyme called prostate-specific antigen (PSA) synthesizes by epithelial cells within the prostate gland that helps ejaculation by liquefying the seminal fluid (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). Prostate Cancer occurs when there are a disproportion and deregulation of epithelial cells cellular growth. Normal tissue growth and division of a mature cell only occurs to replace the dead cell and is regulated carefully. In prostate cancer, epithelial cell growth is higher beyond necessary and it keeps replicating that deregulates the overall state of cells (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). Prostate adenocarcinoma doesn’t have the basal which is normally present in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer is multifocal so multiple tumor nodules are discovered in prostate biopsy. Early-stage of prostate cancer doesn’t have any symptoms and it is usually detected during a physical exam like a DRE or the blood work noticing higher PSA. Locally advanced prostate cancer symptoms are similar to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Due to the growth of abnormal cells, the urinary tract gets compressed and the patient will have lower urinary tract symptoms such as having a weak stream while urinating, frequency of urination, nocturia, and or hesitancy in micturition. It may cause bladder outlet obstruction which can lead to pyelonephritis and renal failure (Zoltick, Keefe & Schimke, 2019). Decreased or painful ejaculation and 4 hematospermia also can be present. It can metastasize to other parts which can cause bone pain, edema, lymphadenopathy, anemia, pathological fractures, urinary obstructions, stress urinary infection, and weight loss. In the advanced stage, there can be symptoms of spinal cord compression such as motor weakness, bladder and bowel incontinence, and neuropathy. Central nervous system issues due to brain or skull metastasis and can have disseminated intravascular coagulation at very late stages of prostate cancer. According to the American cancer society (2020) during their lifetime, one in nine men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. The average age of diagnosing prostate cancer is 66 and mainly African- American men are the most vulnerable population to develop prostate cancer due to their ethnicity. After lung cancer,