100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached 4.2 TrustPilot
logo-home
Summary

Samenvatting Statistiek voor Humane Wetenschappen 2023 - Dirk Speelman

Rating
-
Sold
2
Pages
130
Uploaded on
09-06-2023
Written in
2022/2023

Statistiek voor Humane Wetenschappen 2023 - gegeven door D. Speelman

Institution
Course











Whoops! We can’t load your doc right now. Try again or contact support.

Written for

Institution
Study
Course

Document information

Uploaded on
June 9, 2023
Number of pages
130
Written in
2022/2023
Type
Summary

Subjects

Content preview

STATISTIEK VOOR HUMANE
WETENSCHAPPEN

Linn Rademaekers
Schakeljaar Bedrijfscommunicatie

,1. Introductie van de datasets ........................................................................................................ 4

Kolomtypes in de datasets .................................................................................................................................... 4
Meten en meetniveaus .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Categoriaal meetniveau ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Nominaal meetniveau ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Ordinaal meetniveau ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Numerisch meetniveau ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
3. Interval niveau ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Ratio niveau......................................................................................................................................................... 5
5. Discreet niveau ................................................................................................................................................... 5
6. Continu niveau .................................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Introductie RStudio ....................................................................................................................... 6

3. Descriptieve of beschrijvende statistiek.................................................................................. 15

Centrummaten (measures of central tendency) .............................................................................................. 16
Gemiddelde (mean) .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Standaard gemiddelde ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Gewogen gemiddelde ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Wegingscoëfficiënten .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Mediaan (median) ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Gemiddelde versus mediaan ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Modus (mode) .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Modus bij categoriale variabelen ............................................................................................................................... 19
Modus bij numerische variabelen ............................................................................................................................... 19

Spreidingsmaten (measures of dispersion)........................................................................................................ 21
Bereik (range)...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Variantie (variance) ........................................................................................................................................................... 21
Standaarddeviatie (standard deviation) ......................................................................................................................... 23
Variantiecoëfficiënt (coëfficient of variation) ................................................................................................................. 23
Interkwartielbereik (interquartile range) ........................................................................................................................... 24
Covariantie (covariance) .................................................................................................................................................. 25
Correlatie (pearson product-moment correlation)......................................................................................................... 27

4. Visualisatie van data ................................................................................................................. 31

Staafdiagram (bar plot) voor categorische data ............................................................................................. 31
Histogram en dichtheidsgrafiek (density plot) .................................................................................................. 31
Histogram in R (frequentie- en dichtheidshistogram)...................................................................................................... 32
Frequentiehistogram in R .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Dichtheidshistogram in R .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Toevoegen tapijt (rug plot) .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Rijk dichtheidshistogram in R ........................................................................................................................................ 37

Cumulatieve frequentiegrafiek ........................................................................................................................... 38

,Boxplot ................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Smooth lines toevoegen aan scatter plots ........................................................................................................ 42

5. Kansverdelingen (probability distributions) ............................................................................ 44

Stochastisch/willekeurige proeven (random experiment) .............................................................................. 44
Kansen (probability) ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Basic probability axioms and rules (kanswetten)............................................................................................................. 47
Kanskomen (probability trees)........................................................................................................................................... 48
Regel van Bayes voor gestratificeerde data ................................................................................................................... 50

Kansverdeling (probability distribution) ............................................................................................................. 51
1. Dichtheidsfunctie (desity function) ......................................................................................................................... 52
2. Verdelingsfunctie (cumulative distribution function)............................................................................................. 53
3. Kwantielfunctie (quantile function) ......................................................................................................................... 54

Populatie-parameters .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Populatiegemiddelde μ ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
Populatievariantie σ2.......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Populatiestandaarddeviatie σ .......................................................................................................................................... 56

Statistische modellen voor kansverdeling ......................................................................................................... 56
Modellen voor discrete variabelen ................................................................................................................................... 56
1. Binaire verdeling................................................................................................................................................ 56
2. Binomiale verdeling .......................................................................................................................................... 58
3. Poissonverdeling................................................................................................................................................ 59
Modellen voor continue variabelen ................................................................................................................................. 60
4. Exponentiële verdeling ..................................................................................................................................... 60
5. Normale verdeling ............................................................................................................................................ 62

Centrale Limiet Stelling ......................................................................................................................................... 64
CLT voor een som ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
CLT voor een gemiddelde ................................................................................................................................................. 64

6. Normaliteitstoetsen .................................................................................................................... 74

Normaal kwantieldiagram (normal QQ plot) .................................................................................................... 74
Shapiro-Wilktoets .................................................................................................................................................. 79
Lilliefors-toets ......................................................................................................................................................... 80

7. Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen .................................................................................................... 81

Steekproefverdeling van X en zijn standaardiseringen ................................................................................... 83
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval met T-verdeling........................................................................................................ 85
Betrouwbaarheidsniveau, foutenniveau, foutmarge en standaardfout ......................................................... 86
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval met Z-verdeling ....................................................................................................... 87
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor een proportie .................................................................................................. 88
Vereiste steekproefomvang voor een specifieke foutenmarge ..................................................................... 89
Voor gemiddelde ............................................................................................................................................................... 89
Voor proportie..................................................................................................................................................................... 89

, 8. Hypotheses.................................................................................................................................. 90

Tweezijdige t-toets voor het gemiddelde .......................................................................................................... 90
Een ‘wat als’-redenering.................................................................................................................................................... 91
P-waarde ............................................................................................................................................................................. 94

Eenzijdige t-toets voor gemiddelde (rechterstaart) ......................................................................................... 96
Eenzijdige t-toets voor gemiddelde (linkerstaart) ............................................................................................ 98
Relatie tussen tweezijdige t-toets en betrouwbaarheidsinterval .................................................................... 99
De z-toets voor het gemiddelde ....................................................................................................................... 100
Maten voor effecten ........................................................................................................................................... 102
Effectgrootte ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102

Parametrische en niet-parametrische toetsen................................................................................................ 104
Parametrische toetsen ..................................................................................................................................................... 104
Niet-parametrische toetsen ............................................................................................................................................. 104

9. Statistische testen in de praktijk ............................................................................................. 105

Testen van de centrale tendens van een numerieke variabele ................................................................... 105
1. T-toets voor populatiegemiddelde voor één groep ........................................................................................... 105
2. Wilcoxon-toetsen voor één groep ........................................................................................................................ 109
3. T-toets voor gemiddelde voor twee gepaarde groepen ................................................................................... 111
4. Wilcoxon test voor twee gepaarde groepen ...................................................................................................... 112
5. T-toets voor gemiddelde voor twee onafhankelijke groepen met gelijke variantie ........................................ 112
6. T-toets voor gemiddelde voor twee onafhankelijke groepen met ongelijke variantie ................................... 114
7. Wilcoxontoets voor twee onafhankelijke groepen ............................................................................................. 115

Toetsen voor frequentietabellen ....................................................................................................................... 117
X2-test voor goodness of fit .............................................................................................................................................. 117
X2 -toets voor onafhankelijkheid...................................................................................................................................... 121
X2-toets voor homogeniteit bij onafhankelijke groepen ............................................................................................... 124

Toetsen voor proporties ...................................................................................................................................... 125
t-toets voor proportie ....................................................................................................................................................... 125
Binomiale toets voor proportie ........................................................................................................................................ 126

Toetsen voor correlatie....................................................................................................................................... 127
Pearson-correlatietoets .................................................................................................................................................... 127
Spearman-rangcorrelatietoets ........................................................................................................................................ 128

Get to know the seller

Seller avatar
Reputation scores are based on the amount of documents a seller has sold for a fee and the reviews they have received for those documents. There are three levels: Bronze, Silver and Gold. The better the reputation, the more your can rely on the quality of the sellers work.
linnrademaekers1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Follow You need to be logged in order to follow users or courses
Sold
11
Member since
2 year
Number of followers
9
Documents
7
Last sold
1 year ago

5.0

1 reviews

5
1
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0

Recently viewed by you

Why students choose Stuvia

Created by fellow students, verified by reviews

Quality you can trust: written by students who passed their tests and reviewed by others who've used these notes.

Didn't get what you expected? Choose another document

No worries! You can instantly pick a different document that better fits what you're looking for.

Pay as you like, start learning right away

No subscription, no commitments. Pay the way you're used to via credit card and download your PDF document instantly.

Student with book image

“Bought, downloaded, and aced it. It really can be that simple.”

Alisha Student

Frequently asked questions