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AP Euro Unit 1 Test Already Passed Joan of Arc Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic. Wars of the Roses English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty begins in England. Holy Roman Empire Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central Europe Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and from Bohemia to Burgundy Emperor Charles IV () Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people Decentralized Emperor Charles IV • Passed the Golden Bull • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • Turned Prague into a cultural center • Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance • Gave up political power as Emperor Golden Bull • Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV • Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without consultation with the pope • Reduced power of emperor Black Death/ Plague • Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague, septicemia • Killed a third to one half of European population • Loss of social and moral codes • Created a labor surplus • Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant Jacquerie • Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants • Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages • Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands • Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature • Anticlerical (attacked church structure) • Ended by completed dissection of French Army Etienne Marcel • Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant • Angered with the French aristocracy, elite • Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms • Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants • Ended by complete force of the French Army Hanseatic League Monopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression Avignon • Clement V () moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from Rome • Under French control • Home of papacy from • Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms • Led to Great Schism Indulgences • Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts including contributing money to church • Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in purgatory • Major source of church's revenue benefices • Second source of major revenue, especially for Papal income • B/c Popes could appoint bishops/other leaders they would also collect taxes for such appointments • Benefices are Church offices • Encouraged pluralism: individuals could acquire many benefices Great Schism • 1377: Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome; died immediately after • Italians surrounded church demanding Italian Pope • Cardinals elected Urban VI who insulted all Italian Cardinals; Cardinals claim election null-andvoid, elect Clement VII who takes up residence at Avignon • Church has two Popes • Great Schism created many questions: "Where do taxes go, where do appointments come from?" • Divided Europe Conciliarism • Idea that a church council could end schism • Popes disliked b/c it suggested that an assembly of the Church had more power than the Pope • At first worsened situation, electing a third Pope Council of Constance • Held from 1414 to 1418 • Under Emperor-Elect Sigismund, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe met to resolve the Great Schism • Idea that Popes power could be controlled through frequent councils • Ends multiplicity of Papal office • Elected the impartial Pope, Martin V, ends schism Witches Hammer • Handbook for hunting witches, including procedures to induce their confessions • Written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger • Natural disasters such as plague and human disasters promoted fear of witchcraft, "witches" were blamed for troubles • Accused witches were most commonly women on the margins of society • Started witch hunting craze John Wycliffe • • Unorthodox Christian who questioned the church's right to wealth • Said that the value of ideals depended on the worthiness of the priest • Protected by secular lords and followers in England • Held ideas such as that Christ was present in Eucharist only in spirit, indulgences were useless and predestination was more important individual merit Lollards • Followers of John Wycliffe • Weren't suppressed until Henry V took power • Support made Wycliffe popular and protected him from persecution Jan Hus • Leading teacher of Wycliffe's ideas in Prague, rejected his ideas about priests • Demanded reform of church's morals • Led attack on German dominance in Bohemia • Followers were called "Hussites" • Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Burned at the stake for heresy by the Council of Constance • His execution caused revolt in Bohemia • Martin Luther a follower William of Ockham • Defended radical poverty- was excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Said that church couldn't be based on logic, must be believed • Nominalism—denied reason could lead to truth • Believed that the church shouldn't have a role in the government • Denied absolute authority of the pope • Church should have elected officials • Defended radical poverty Nominalism • Doctrine of William of Ockham • Stated that reason could not lead to truth • Focused on names given to things rather than reality • Belief that philosophical speculation was essentially logical, linguistic exercise, not a way to certain knowledge Dante Alighieri • An Italian poet • Wrote The Divine Comedy—a poem • About hell, purgatory, and heaven • Reflected his views on politics through his poetry • Advanced writer for his time • Made Italian a literary language The Divine Comedy • A poem by Dante Alighieri • Divided into three parts—journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven • Summary of good and bad in politics and culture in medieval times • View of the whole Christian universe • Written in the last years of Dante's life Geoffrey Chaucer • An English author and poet • His work weaved together a spectrum of late medieval literature and life • His most famous work is Canterbury Tales • Greatest English author before Shakespeare The Canterbury Tales • Written by Geoffrey Chaucer • Involved characters from every spectrum of medieval society and every walk of life • Drawn from folklore, Italian literature, lives of Saints, courtly romance, and religious sermons • Used characters to comment on social, religious, and political life during the later Middle Ages Christine de Pisan • First woman to make a living writing • Wrote conventional love poems and autobiographical poems • Wrote Hymn to Joan of Arc • Fought against medieval stereotypes of women • Opened up new possibilities for women • Brought dignity to women, strived for justice and for peace in France Hundred Years War • Three main causes were the fight over Gascony, Flemish- cloth town revolts, and the dispute over the heir to the French throne. • Underlying cause is chivalry • English successes early on due to a more tactical leader (Edward III) • Salvation of France comes with Joan of Arc and gunpowder • Resulted in the English War of the Roses, higher taxes, and Italian banks bankrupted Renaissance • Rebirth of thinking and renewed fascination of the Classical world • Emphasis on humanity • An era of rapid transitions • Three distinct phases () - First: decline in population, uncovering of classical texts, experimentation with art forms. - Second: artistic and literary achievements. - Third: invasion from France and Spain transformed Italian political life, ideas from Italian writers and artists spread across Europe Petrarch • Father of humanism • Italian poet • Denounced the Babylonian captivity of the papacy • Considered church leaders as poor examples, saw them as materialistic • Among the first to differentiate the new age of the Renaissance • "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language I use." Brunelleschi • Architect and engineer • One of the three Florentine Renaissance masters • Recombined basic elements of Gothic architecture with classical structures, based designs on geometric principles • First Renaissance artist to understand and make use of perspective • Greatest work was the dome on the Cathedral in Florence Donatello • Florentine master, interested in nude artwork • Revived the freestanding and equestrian statues • Translated classical styles into naturalistic forms • Use of linear perspective • Well-known for his bronze statue of David Massaccio • Florentine master, extremely influential paintings • Used inspiration of the Ancients to emphasize nature and perspective • Famous frescoes and was praised for his naturalism • Best known works: - The Expulsion of Adam and Eve(1425) - The Holy Trinity Leon Batista Alberti • Scholar, artist, architect, mathematician, poet, playwright, musician and inventor • Wrote "On Architecture", and "4 Books on the Family". • "4 Books on the Family" about raising children, choosing wives, and managing domestic affairs • Employed by the Papal Court • Showed classical form can be applied to traditional spaces Sandro Botticelli • Florentine painter • Mythologies depart from naturalism of the time • Painted Birth of Venus and Goddess of Love • Paintings concerned beauty and personality Piero della Francesca • Italian Renaissance artist and mathematician • First to challenge Donatello • Trained in the tradition of Masaccio • Focused on visual unity in his paintings • Concentrated on technical aspects of composition • Well-known for his fresco The Resurrection (1463) Leonardo da Vinci • The epitome of the Renaissance