Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Test | Review Questions With Answers 2023 Graded A+

Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Test | Review Questions With Answers 2023 Graded A+. What is a component of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - ANSWER Prothrombin How are IV morphine and nitroglycerin beneficial in acute heart failure? - ANSWER Decrease preload. What is the purpose of administering a vasodilating drug to a patient in heart failure? - ANSWER Decrease afterload. What are some contrindications for HMG-co A reductase inhibitors (statins)? - ANSWER They cause myopathies, especially at higher doses or in combination with certain drugs. They should never be used in patients taking Warfarin (Coumadin). Which drug can reduce serum LDL the most in patients with hyperlipidemia? - ANSWER Lovastatin (Mevacor) Which drug is contrindicated in a patient with Myasthena Gravis? - ANSWER Procainamide (Pronestyl). What action is most effective in decreasing the risk of hyperkalemia associated with the start of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy? - ANSWER Making sure that the patient is well hydrated. What factor influences plasma protein drug binding and distribution of that drug? - ANSWER The amount of albumin available in the blood stream. What does the half-life of a medication determine? - ANSWER How often the drug is to be administered. What important information should be given to a patient who is taking Metoprolol (Lopressor) for angina and hypertension? - ANSWER The drug should not be taken with milk or dairy products. Which medications should be avoided for patients with a sulfa allergy? - ANSWER Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) and Celecoxib (Celebrex). What should be taken into consideration when prescribing fat-soluable drugs in the elderly? - ANSWER They are associated with increased duration of drug action. Which hypolipidemic class of drugs does not have to have liver function studies? - ANSWER Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) FYI: I actually just looked this up because it didn't seem right...From the FDA: "The good news—no more periodic blood tests for liver function. The warnings—taking a statin may increase the odds of developing type 2 diabetes or suffering reversible memory loss or problems thinking. The FDA warned that one statin, lovastatin, shouldn't be taken with some antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, or medications used to treat AIDS." What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides? - ANSWER Increase the force of cardiac contraction. What age-related changes place the elderly at risk for an exaggerated response to Warfarin (Coumadin) and Heparin? - ANSWER Protein binding changes and decrease in clotting factors. Along with diet, what drug is used to treat hypertriglyceridemia? - ANSWER Gemfibrozil (Lopid). What drug is the best choice of treatment for a newly diagnosed patient with type 2 diabetes only having postprandial glucose elevation? - ANSWER Meglitinide (Prandin). Which medication is considered the safest for a diabetic patient if hypoglycemia is a major concern? - ANSWER Metformin (Glucophage). What drug is an absolute contraindication if the patient is a smoker and taking medications for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER Birth control. How should an oral glucocorticoid be taken? - ANSWER With food. The normal starting dose of levothyroxine is 50-100mcg per day for primary hypothroidism. What is the most appropriate starting dose in a 71-year old female patient? - ANSWER 25mcg per day. What drug class should be avoided in patients with a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis? - ANSWER Clucocorticoids like Prednisone. What thyroid drug blocks thyroid hormone production and release? - ANSWER L-thyroxine (Levothyroid). What drug class exacerbates hyperglycemia? - ANSWER Corticosteroids like Prednisone (Deltasone). What drug would you add for a patient who has been taking a sulfonylurea medication like Glipizide (Glucotrol) for type 2 diabetes when there is poor glucose control? - ANSWER Add Metformin (Glucophage) to the sulfonylurea. Which drug class may predispose an insulin dependent patient to hypoglycemia? - ANSWER A selective beta-adrenergic blocker like Nadolol (Corgard).