~c,n~\td - Lowry ~tid\ 4 ~se.i:
· . . .
-- ""' Cl1\cl ~tfOI\R ocids:
.,_
= =- K.~ o. ~ -to.~ 0.C,I
-- -------
~f
a.: HOUlm CJny YYI ort t}t\eJ_l •
1-1•,onl C1rtthQrt1S OI ldw
d:
QC,1 Cl- 0. \IAh! H~nce. v.ih•Chdo r,ettel proton~ 11'l(trQ.QCti0 . fH . -Log ,c, CW1 i) . d [_1-1t] from ,o-pH . sot.Of p~ tna" 1c:1i.il.rn. Clf
bo.H - CUUl:Mo.nu. wnith o.tc~pH protons In 0. (Q.O.ttlOh 4 Thumollu +he.pH, H1~ gflo.te( 2) SU.b , into \(Cl. ~i<:preS&'i~>"• p~ q~ _
·Accorcti119 to A-nhe.niu~ ·. nurm,u 01 01-non! = 1-1+-ion! Hiecoric.tllrrahol'l o+ 1-1-+ ~to.= _g-1+) -
1,ooo,ooo-nm.RS
1
5O t·1 a~) + 0 WI oc: l -4 112.0L ~', -, 1~H d.i H"' \O)( d,l{+ in [HC.OOrl} Q. : ~ruUCt t,ow t-kR. va~-1
. . . , fut-7 - PH .-ti no o. l r· oi-ta W'!d pk..A wo1.11C1
IO ,...,-, Ad'-'-' 0 . f_lJJ. e. ·
,J
W, o pnl on "-lhic h •~ 1-0 , OOOl< ~mo.Ii tr th t\n l.1 :. con• \..n J :: i,o.nQ<l, nr ~o.cn cti~ociuti
· ·u~·o"'(H t · , 'd' ./ l'IIOvQSonw 11 1:>num+o t "' · · ) ·'
tll.1\t in 10l. i11~p e11cunHy ?.0 ,on )
i;ow1t9tt o><oni '" PH Of Wt.CUC. O.tl L ri o n t 1 o ~ ~ P H, mor e.H+ ~f H31'04-ltrib0!'1\
:~i:~~'
i "
-.l,f!A (aa.l t- H2ll[L) ~3O,-/ ctq) t A - [ CCt ) . ~ CH C.k(OH)CO0H H' +C~C.H(0\-1\(00- =-- \ At_.frO~ J~t--z"<l -5
,I, . ½ i-e1,ct l1i j u~, ,ot ll' .3 t (i--ivrn 0 , OIIYIOlct V\'\·s -1 J. d..1:is oc.w.n om, K.9- •
O.t1 C1\oCl\OQO.t110n: HU.!Q't) t HiO(l) o.-+Ho+ ,) 1'..a. = (1-1 ][C.H3Cl-l(OH)C.OO o.Y1d Kt1=1.1cn-x10- u ovoro.11 p~o.. c,U..Q.,re.a.s.e.s.
lu,iOll) ti (C.H3(1-l(OH)(OOH] 1woapprtl'X.o+ttnu\td1e,10,.
.
f NH,[a.~1 t-HO()-"'
, L l
11
;J
...-NH ++oH-J
v _ c.1-1+]2· (A \
l f\C..l:)\A+
notb~
i simp11~1j11Hofwll.().1<0..u J .
1)<1-.1ssoc.<a:h'o11oi we1Hfls l\Jf11i-
'rlowtver1 fQQ(ilOn Ott~f i V\111( QOHl l HU cg) tNfhCg'> NH c.to' Ito. - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
pr\~ -LC9 10 fl~J :, co~c:. ..o,:..<An oe..,·s.soc..:o..tcl 9cit>
I
• > i-17 l o.<"d ,-,. M\/.cl•(lrLO..~r' t ·,.
ri~n(,l. (,\TrMn i\.\~ tlt+ In 1n 01' i\ lim•~~cl C:.I it- cUi-im tl on
(t,l-\§l-l.3U1(0H)COO,!J p1-1~.1 .oe t-hO._!! H+-c..onc.Clt·, .. t"'·
C\(/ cl Wh~~ WC.\Hr ~o.~ prmnt . 2.) (1-1tJ '2. -=(}.Zll 1-XI0 ..... ) xo-O 1 / - pH O{ n_\\Ul.\int.161\AtiOV\S!
--
·
e.achm o1ecu1e relQClsu 1H
-t 1-\t-:: I, 136)cl
[o1-r)ions sn 1·p ~qu1. 11'. ti num
.
torh~
A(\O~ &l\~t~f PH
M o no bGl1( ... LH_:>
d..ibO.l ic~e.o.t hrno 1eu.tl.2- ftl Q.Cl lt'> -2.W -e. . g . M1o - lMN0.0H o.nd.O -IIY'ol_e.~of-OK 10Y1~
n-i bO!nC • eo.th mo,~cu.~
reH.QlO iw• 1 \ -"we canuH tw -+ of.ind l1-1\-]iot1 (1or11~pmct.u.uop·t2.0)
6
Cor\~gak ac.idJ, bClUf, pt\ ~\\lt.O.K.bOJel:~ 10-, ....,'<toL'ld.M-
- - =...:...=....=:.=.....:~:_=::.:...;:::..._ . ' 1) \(W-:: [\-l+]rQI--C]
•AnQti·ctw 111 re.l ~aH Cl pro+on on1u1f H1erts ...,ne.e.dtou)~K.1,~oirl\iLo.l'tOll~ L: - 11.1- 'l.. -6
C\bO.'>t10O(Uptit. ~cm1ph ote. nc.
· eg o -" t,
. , , hYIOI O.M ~l!.'-' H,1 \(_ c:. 1, ~x 10- 5
2')
.
cou-J
r, "'
O • \ "t
"'
2.Qln. ~IA\"'10
/ -
ol'VI d\'Vl
.,,.. N 1..1 :, / b C t ., l(_\,IJ IO 4 -~ -3
=
O - A
1
·•M'iCll')'H.')p tC ifl co.no.c,i-o.1b 0rhQ.net.c.-icl '75(Q(t) + H2.O(<) N \-\ 4·\ -I-OW /Y\ Oldm H ..1 - -:.._c..;:;_,_- 10 MOlvl'V\
Co.t) '
0
f' [OH-1 0 •\ ,l, -3
o.ndQba)e..., ~o.U!. ~ ri£lc.hOY1i~reve.t1iblt. kb= [()H-JL - [OH-]'2- (It> l"-s)xo I p)-l-:.-IC91CllO
l-\ ~ 1-NH3.-l'\lth.it--,..CA- , '{ -) - .oXu , _ _ /
~ill .klo:~\1
1-1 0+-+0H-"?Hiot1-12.0
3 b(( l t
'7.<..1on c,1el pn;i-Ofl , CG.1JU9Clttcte,iq
-~ CltHp t-.1 pl'llrOn,
H
[1'11-131
L, -...
(O\f]:: \,sLI-X10-~IYlOlc1n1-~nQS!..d to ti()d (H +] -:
~ f WQ.Tt : ~ _A!.te.mp. inc., pl-I t\.tCfQ.0.¼Q.i_.!. imo.o_~ne. 1Ml c,~ = i-.4 6)( 10-12
1~1+x10-1
- l'3,
c.,
O.C:,f(l .
\.>.l<MQ.r c.o.n o..t.1-0-S o.ti tt.CJ'd etnd o. 'oCL\ e. / Cl-I J 10 '¥..~ 1~tn..<k~t\
=
. LCnJu.Qcm bCllt \
•~01-Q.rCO.~bt ai~tnbitdQ~ "~tlf prnr0oatfr1.9" ve.r~ WW.I(_\:) iotrntd . \:lothe.q.uoho\'\iftPfWnt ip\4:::-\0g,o (t,4-b--•\
2.ti.iO H3 o+- +-OH _ 2H2~lL>_ 1--1 o+(aq_) + O\-l-co.Q.)°-..:;,..71iol'\1~Qt10nOf- 1-\z.O pH~ll.l<;. /
3
2.ts:iH Nl-1 .. .,.. t- r,..)H~ / pio 'lOlW.S • ~mP,:j\,..; ~:z.O(L) H\aq) -1-GWcaq'>
i
3
k.aO.nel~fftngthOfQCJdl, . 9ta .. -Log,oK.o. \(. -= O-l+]lOH-1 -=-">~X(l-lz.OJ-=(WJ(.oW]
, qQQ,1Aillbr ium1 i H tOIV\ll t P, t-hlQ(fdlSW. Q.O.K, - c- ,t<>-
Li s1rongurh~O.tiGI,[l-110~ - /. ~'v - 10-1<+
e . g . CH..3C.COH +- H1..0 -:? CHJcoo· t H.sOt . 10.r(JH~ bUtHYIOIIU l<.1 - 10
. . ~v-J -:., (H~1 (.0\-1 } ,o.t 2.Q() "t l.w- 2-Q. -6)
50IYllW/ b(lHi : N H t H~ ".n-1,.. + +OH - pl(O.. \,, iHH1 (lC.iCI I~ 50% d1~soCA 0.\~0.., IY\O L YV\
3
HA ~H~t-f\- 2. ~ IC..bQ.l~ _ 1Y)e pH"' pl<..o. , -~ino.cld.SOIUtlOr>~·- [Ht-J7(QH-J
•(o , 0. we.O..K.QC-ldl
,l \..)QOH 1- HzO--= r-..ia t- +- OH r . : - - - - _.....,.-,,-...
rorOflj monopro !'I(,
. . .
cH9Mf1CA.t\u-- ....
- or"'-•. .
"> lt\ o.H.VAA
,..,,· .so 1u+-·o ~•·cLd]<.(OH-1
II n ,.., .
t C1 "' CH "HA-] --Ht'>p'n1. ~tc:, U m: : : uo, d, u.n11~f0t tG. 1(w co nno1~ bolorttJL bQ..twWI )\(ongQr o_cid ::: 3re.o.H< 'lo. '/<l~
~\~ouoHI __j\'\l.VQ\.U..l~
DI Al _ a.1w_o..l..lswi1I l?e mold nii·\ t: H+J or1d (OH-] 11'\~, li-O__(..__._ ·l (:t1" cx.~m, . :. Q.l'\d.otW.rM,l(.,
· . . .
-- ""' Cl1\cl ~tfOI\R ocids:
.,_
= =- K.~ o. ~ -to.~ 0.C,I
-- -------
~f
a.: HOUlm CJny YYI ort t}t\eJ_l •
1-1•,onl C1rtthQrt1S OI ldw
d:
QC,1 Cl- 0. \IAh! H~nce. v.ih•Chdo r,ettel proton~ 11'l(trQ.QCti0 . fH . -Log ,c, CW1 i) . d [_1-1t] from ,o-pH . sot.Of p~ tna" 1c:1i.il.rn. Clf
bo.H - CUUl:Mo.nu. wnith o.tc~pH protons In 0. (Q.O.ttlOh 4 Thumollu +he.pH, H1~ gflo.te( 2) SU.b , into \(Cl. ~i<:preS&'i~>"• p~ q~ _
·Accorcti119 to A-nhe.niu~ ·. nurm,u 01 01-non! = 1-1+-ion! Hiecoric.tllrrahol'l o+ 1-1-+ ~to.= _g-1+) -
1,ooo,ooo-nm.RS
1
5O t·1 a~) + 0 WI oc: l -4 112.0L ~', -, 1~H d.i H"' \O)( d,l{+ in [HC.OOrl} Q. : ~ruUCt t,ow t-kR. va~-1
. . . , fut-7 - PH .-ti no o. l r· oi-ta W'!d pk..A wo1.11C1
IO ,...,-, Ad'-'-' 0 . f_lJJ. e. ·
,J
W, o pnl on "-lhic h •~ 1-0 , OOOl< ~mo.Ii tr th t\n l.1 :. con• \..n J :: i,o.nQ<l, nr ~o.cn cti~ociuti
· ·u~·o"'(H t · , 'd' ./ l'IIOvQSonw 11 1:>num+o t "' · · ) ·'
tll.1\t in 10l. i11~p e11cunHy ?.0 ,on )
i;ow1t9tt o><oni '" PH Of Wt.CUC. O.tl L ri o n t 1 o ~ ~ P H, mor e.H+ ~f H31'04-ltrib0!'1\
:~i:~~'
i "
-.l,f!A (aa.l t- H2ll[L) ~3O,-/ ctq) t A - [ CCt ) . ~ CH C.k(OH)CO0H H' +C~C.H(0\-1\(00- =-- \ At_.frO~ J~t--z"<l -5
,I, . ½ i-e1,ct l1i j u~, ,ot ll' .3 t (i--ivrn 0 , OIIYIOlct V\'\·s -1 J. d..1:is oc.w.n om, K.9- •
O.t1 C1\oCl\OQO.t110n: HU.!Q't) t HiO(l) o.-+Ho+ ,) 1'..a. = (1-1 ][C.H3Cl-l(OH)C.OO o.Y1d Kt1=1.1cn-x10- u ovoro.11 p~o.. c,U..Q.,re.a.s.e.s.
lu,iOll) ti (C.H3(1-l(OH)(OOH] 1woapprtl'X.o+ttnu\td1e,10,.
.
f NH,[a.~1 t-HO()-"'
, L l
11
;J
...-NH ++oH-J
v _ c.1-1+]2· (A \
l f\C..l:)\A+
notb~
i simp11~1j11Hofwll.().1<0..u J .
1)<1-.1ssoc.<a:h'o11oi we1Hfls l\Jf11i-
'rlowtver1 fQQ(ilOn Ott~f i V\111( QOHl l HU cg) tNfhCg'> NH c.to' Ito. - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
pr\~ -LC9 10 fl~J :, co~c:. ..o,:..<An oe..,·s.soc..:o..tcl 9cit>
I
• > i-17 l o.<"d ,-,. M\/.cl•(lrLO..~r' t ·,.
ri~n(,l. (,\TrMn i\.\~ tlt+ In 1n 01' i\ lim•~~cl C:.I it- cUi-im tl on
(t,l-\§l-l.3U1(0H)COO,!J p1-1~.1 .oe t-hO._!! H+-c..onc.Clt·, .. t"'·
C\(/ cl Wh~~ WC.\Hr ~o.~ prmnt . 2.) (1-1tJ '2. -=(}.Zll 1-XI0 ..... ) xo-O 1 / - pH O{ n_\\Ul.\int.161\AtiOV\S!
--
·
e.achm o1ecu1e relQClsu 1H
-t 1-\t-:: I, 136)cl
[o1-r)ions sn 1·p ~qu1. 11'. ti num
.
torh~
A(\O~ &l\~t~f PH
M o no bGl1( ... LH_:>
d..ibO.l ic~e.o.t hrno 1eu.tl.2- ftl Q.Cl lt'> -2.W -e. . g . M1o - lMN0.0H o.nd.O -IIY'ol_e.~of-OK 10Y1~
n-i bO!nC • eo.th mo,~cu.~
reH.QlO iw• 1 \ -"we canuH tw -+ of.ind l1-1\-]iot1 (1or11~pmct.u.uop·t2.0)
6
Cor\~gak ac.idJ, bClUf, pt\ ~\\lt.O.K.bOJel:~ 10-, ....,'<toL'ld.M-
- - =...:...=....=:.=.....:~:_=::.:...;:::..._ . ' 1) \(W-:: [\-l+]rQI--C]
•AnQti·ctw 111 re.l ~aH Cl pro+on on1u1f H1erts ...,ne.e.dtou)~K.1,~oirl\iLo.l'tOll~ L: - 11.1- 'l.. -6
C\bO.'>t10O(Uptit. ~cm1ph ote. nc.
· eg o -" t,
. , , hYIOI O.M ~l!.'-' H,1 \(_ c:. 1, ~x 10- 5
2')
.
cou-J
r, "'
O • \ "t
"'
2.Qln. ~IA\"'10
/ -
ol'VI d\'Vl
.,,.. N 1..1 :, / b C t ., l(_\,IJ IO 4 -~ -3
=
O - A
1
·•M'iCll')'H.')p tC ifl co.no.c,i-o.1b 0rhQ.net.c.-icl '75(Q(t) + H2.O(<) N \-\ 4·\ -I-OW /Y\ Oldm H ..1 - -:.._c..;:;_,_- 10 MOlvl'V\
Co.t) '
0
f' [OH-1 0 •\ ,l, -3
o.ndQba)e..., ~o.U!. ~ ri£lc.hOY1i~reve.t1iblt. kb= [()H-JL - [OH-]'2- (It> l"-s)xo I p)-l-:.-IC91CllO
l-\ ~ 1-NH3.-l'\lth.it--,..CA- , '{ -) - .oXu , _ _ /
~ill .klo:~\1
1-1 0+-+0H-"?Hiot1-12.0
3 b(( l t
'7.<..1on c,1el pn;i-Ofl , CG.1JU9Clttcte,iq
-~ CltHp t-.1 pl'llrOn,
H
[1'11-131
L, -...
(O\f]:: \,sLI-X10-~IYlOlc1n1-~nQS!..d to ti()d (H +] -:
~ f WQ.Tt : ~ _A!.te.mp. inc., pl-I t\.tCfQ.0.¼Q.i_.!. imo.o_~ne. 1Ml c,~ = i-.4 6)( 10-12
1~1+x10-1
- l'3,
c.,
O.C:,f(l .
\.>.l<MQ.r c.o.n o..t.1-0-S o.ti tt.CJ'd etnd o. 'oCL\ e. / Cl-I J 10 '¥..~ 1~tn..<k~t\
=
. LCnJu.Qcm bCllt \
•~01-Q.rCO.~bt ai~tnbitdQ~ "~tlf prnr0oatfr1.9" ve.r~ WW.I(_\:) iotrntd . \:lothe.q.uoho\'\iftPfWnt ip\4:::-\0g,o (t,4-b--•\
2.ti.iO H3 o+- +-OH _ 2H2~lL>_ 1--1 o+(aq_) + O\-l-co.Q.)°-..:;,..71iol'\1~Qt10nOf- 1-\z.O pH~ll.l<;. /
3
2.ts:iH Nl-1 .. .,.. t- r,..)H~ / pio 'lOlW.S • ~mP,:j\,..; ~:z.O(L) H\aq) -1-GWcaq'>
i
3
k.aO.nel~fftngthOfQCJdl, . 9ta .. -Log,oK.o. \(. -= O-l+]lOH-1 -=-">~X(l-lz.OJ-=(WJ(.oW]
, qQQ,1Aillbr ium1 i H tOIV\ll t P, t-hlQ(fdlSW. Q.O.K, - c- ,t<>-
Li s1rongurh~O.tiGI,[l-110~ - /. ~'v - 10-1<+
e . g . CH..3C.COH +- H1..0 -:? CHJcoo· t H.sOt . 10.r(JH~ bUtHYIOIIU l<.1 - 10
. . ~v-J -:., (H~1 (.0\-1 } ,o.t 2.Q() "t l.w- 2-Q. -6)
50IYllW/ b(lHi : N H t H~ ".n-1,.. + +OH - pl(O.. \,, iHH1 (lC.iCI I~ 50% d1~soCA 0.\~0.., IY\O L YV\
3
HA ~H~t-f\- 2. ~ IC..bQ.l~ _ 1Y)e pH"' pl<..o. , -~ino.cld.SOIUtlOr>~·- [Ht-J7(QH-J
•(o , 0. we.O..K.QC-ldl
,l \..)QOH 1- HzO--= r-..ia t- +- OH r . : - - - - _.....,.-,,-...
rorOflj monopro !'I(,
. . .
cH9Mf1CA.t\u-- ....
- or"'-•. .
"> lt\ o.H.VAA
,..,,· .so 1u+-·o ~•·cLd]<.(OH-1
II n ,.., .
t C1 "' CH "HA-] --Ht'>p'n1. ~tc:, U m: : : uo, d, u.n11~f0t tG. 1(w co nno1~ bolorttJL bQ..twWI )\(ongQr o_cid ::: 3re.o.H< 'lo. '/<l~
~\~ouoHI __j\'\l.VQ\.U..l~
DI Al _ a.1w_o..l..lswi1I l?e mold nii·\ t: H+J or1d (OH-] 11'\~, li-O__(..__._ ·l (:t1" cx.~m, . :. Q.l'\d.otW.rM,l(.,
