ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certification 2023 / 100% solved Questions and Answers

1. The stem cell divides, producing undifferentiated stem cells that are of what lineage?: myeloid or lymphoid 2. What cells do myeloid precursors turn into?: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 3. What cells do lymphoid precursors turn into?: specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes 4. Granulocytes are: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils 5. Agranuloyctes are: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes 6. What two type of immunity make up the immune system?: innate and adaptive 7. What line of defense is innate immunity?: first 8. What is the role of innate immunity?: is to mount a non-specific response to a non-self entity that does not retain memory of the entity 9. What types of things does innate immunity respond to?: skin, mucous membranes, normal flora of the skin and gut as barrier or bacterial protection against foreign substances AND cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages 10. If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is mobilized?: adaptive immunity 11. Adaptive immunity leads to what?: immune system memory related to a pathogen or foreign substance 12. What are the three parts of adaptive immunity?: humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity, regulatory t-cells 13. What is humoral immunity made up of?: b lymphocytes, memory b cells, and plasma to produce immunoglobulins or antibodies 14. What is cell mediated immunity dependent on?: cytotoxic t-cells, helper t-cells and their cytokines 15. What are regulatory t-cells also known as?: supressor t-cells 16. What do regulatory t-cells do?: regulate the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses 17. What are cytokines?: cytokines are secreted by lymphocytes with the inten- tion of stimulating macrophages and cytotoxic t lymphocytes to identify and kill pathogen infected cells or tumor cells 18. What do proto-oncogenes do?: regulate normal cell growth and division. 19. What are proto-oncogenes?: they are a large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cycle 20. If a mistake in copies of DNA occur next to a porto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become what?: oncogene 21. What are two examples of an oncogene?: EGFR/Erb- B1 and Erb-B2/HER2 22. What is a very important tumor suppressor gene?: p53 23. What is the p53 gene also called?: suicide gene 24. What does neoadjuvant therapy refer to?: treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment 25. What is adjuvant therapy?: additional cancer treatment given after the prima- ry treatment to lower the risk that cancer will occur 26. How do alkylating agents function?: by causing a break in the DNA helix strand, causing interference with DNA replication, which results in cell death 27. What are the three most common alkylating agent chemo's?: cytoxan, ifos, bendamustine 28. How are alkylating agents and platinum based chemo's different?: plat- inum based chemo's do not have the molecule to to attach to and destroy DNA 29. What are the two most common platinum based chemo's?: cisplatin and carboplatin 30. What should you instruct patients to do when receiving oxaliplatin?: to avoid exposure to cold air and consuming cold fluids for 3 to 4 days following treatment 31. What are the two most nephrotoxic drugs?: streptozocin and semustine 32. What are the most common side effects of antimetabolites?: myelosup- presion, GI toxicities, photosensitivity, hand foot syndrome, 33. What kind of chemo therapy require life time doses?: antitumor antibiotics 34. What are examples of anthracyclines that?: doxorubicin, daunarubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin 35. What are lifetime doses needed for anthrcyclines?: cardiotoxicity 36. What are classes of antitumor antibiotics?: anthracyclines and non-anthra- cyclines 37. What are examples of non-anthracyclines?: actinomycin d, mitomycin