Psychology 101 Chapter 1-4 Exam 2023 with verified questions and answers

Psychology the scientific investigation of mental process and behavior Scientific Method sets of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems Behavioral Perspective how behavior is learned or modified by environmental causes (NURTURE) Behavioral Data reports of observation about the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occur Psychodynamic Perspective behavior is motivated by inherited instincts, biological drives, & attempts to resolve personal conflicts between personal need and society's demands Cognitive Perspective an approach that emphasizes mental process in perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior Humanistic Perspective emphasizes the individual's inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing maximum potential Willhelm Wundt founding father of psychology Biological Perspective study of physical bases on behavior Behavior organisms that adjust to their environment Standardization using uniform, consistent, procedures in all phases of data collection Hypothesis tentative and testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences Determinism the idea that all events are determined by specific casual factors (physical, mental, and behavioral) Theory organized set of concepts (used to formulate research) Sociocultural Perspective studies how an individual's behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Ivan Pavlov Russian Physiologist Discovered classical conditioning behaviorism Operational Definition standardizes the meaning within an experiment, by defining a concept in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it Independent Variable factor manipulated and will cause changes (casual part of the relationship) Dependent Variable factor affected by independent variable (what is being measured) Experimental Method research methodology that involves the manipulation of independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables Confounding Variable a variable that could produce effects that are confused, or confounded with the effects of the independent variable Double-blind Study a study in which both participants and researchers are blind to the status of participants Placebo Effect a phenomena in which an experimental manipulation produces an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect Control Group participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral condition to serve as a comparison group Population a group of people or animals of interest to a researcher from which a sample is drawn Sample a subgroup of a population likely to be representative of the population as a whole Random Sample a sample of participants selected from the population in a relatively arbitrary manner Correlation Coefficient an index of the extent to which two variables are related Reliability a measure's ability to produce consistent results Validity the extent to which a test measures the construct it attempts to assess or a study adequately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess Naturalistic Observation observation of phenomena in its natural setting advantage: natural environment disadvantage: no control Case Study in-depth observation of one subject of a small group of subjects Natural Selection the mechanism by which environmental forces select traits in organisms Genetics study of inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors Heritability the extent to which individual differences in phenotype are determined by genetic factors, or genotype Sensory Neuron transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain Motor Neuron transmits commands from the brain to the glands or the muscles through the spinal chord Interneurons connect other neurons to each other (only found in the brain and spinal chord) Peripheral Nervous System consists of neurons that convey messages to and from CNS Function of Somatic Nervous System transmits sensory information to the central nervous system and carries out its motor commands Autonomic Nervous System conveys information to and from internal bodily structures that carry out basic life process (digestion and respiration) Sympathetic Nervous System - response to threats - fight or flight - increase in heart rate, dilates the pupils Parasympathetic Nervous System regulates heart rate and pupil size Dendrites receives information from other cells Cell Body contains the nucleus Axons transmits information to other neurons Myelin Sheath function insulates the axon from chemical and physical stimuli that might interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses Resting Potential - condition in which neuron is not firing - negative 70 million volts Action Potential temporary shift in the polarity of the cell membrane, which leads to the firing of a neuron Excitatory Neurotransmitter depolarize the postsynaptic cell membrane, making an action potential more likely Inhibitory Neurotransmitter hyperpolarize the membrane, action reduces likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire Hindbrain controls the supply of air and blood to cells in the body and regulate arousal Medulla Oblongata regulates heart rate, blood pressure and reflexes Reticular Formation maintain consciousness, regulate arousal levels, and modulate the activity of neurons through CNS Cerebellum body movement such as balance, coordination, and fine motor skills Hypothalamus helps regulate behaviors ranging from eating and sleeping to sexual activity and emotional experience Thalamus process sensory information and transmits information to higher brain cells The Limbic System involves emotion, motivation, learning and memory Amygdala involved in many emotional process, especially learning and remembering emotionally significant events Hippocampus the storing of new information in memory Basal Ganglia movement and judgement requiring minimal conscious thought Primary Areas of the Cortex process raw sensory information or initiates movement Association Area of the Cortex involve in complex mental process such as forming perceptions, ideas, plans Occiptal Lobes receives visual input from the thalamus Front Lobes movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory and some aspects of personality Temporal Lobes hearing, contains auditory cortex Glutamate Excitation of neurons throughout the nervous system GABA inhibition of neurons in the brain Dopamine Emotional arousal, behavior, pleasure Acetylcholine (ACh) learning and memory Serotonin sleep and emotional arousal; aggression, pain regulation, mood Endorphins pain relief and elevation of mood Epinephrine emotional arousal, anxiety, fear Motor Cortex and Somatorsensory Cortex relation they both send and receive information from the same parts of the body Borca's Area - left frontal lobe at base of the motor cortex - specialized for movements of mouth and tongue necessary for speech production Wernicke's Area - left temporal lobe - important in speech comprehension Split-Brain Study its for patients whose corpus callosum has been surgically cut (reaction) 6 differences in lateralization 1) females typically score higher on tests of verbal fluency 2) perceptual speed 3) manual dexterity than males 4) males tend to score higher on test of mathematical ability 5) spatial processing 6) geometric thinking Terminal Buttons transmits signals to adjacent cells Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording of the electrical activity of the brain Neurotransmitter chemicals that transmits information from one neuron to another Synapses the connection between neurons Cerebral Hemisphere two halves of the cerebrum, connected by the corpus callosum Corpus Callosum mass of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres for the cerebrum Absolute Threshold Minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a reliable sensory experience - can be detected 50% of the time Difference Threshold measure of smallest increase or decrease of a physical stimulus that produces a different sensation 50% of the time Just Noticeable Difference (JND) smallest difference between two sensations that all them to be discriminated Pitch sound quality of highness of lowness, depends on frequency of sound wave Loudness perceptual dimension of sound influence by the amplitude of a sound wave Pheromone chemicals secreted by organisms in some species that allow communication between organisms Gestalt Psychology School of psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns Trichromatic Theory explains color perception in the retina - three color receptors in the eye (blue, green, and red) Opponent Process Theory 3 kinds of cells respond by increasing and decreasing firing rates when seeing different colors