USMLE STEP 1 Pharmacology EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2023|2024 UPDATE RATED A+

Organophosphates Correct Answer: anticholinesterase poisoning Atropine, pralodoxime Correct Answer: anticholinesterase poisoning treatment bethachol Correct Answer: muscarinic direct agonist; post-op ileus, urinary retention carbechol Correct Answer: muscarinic direct agonist; glaucoma pilocarpine Correct Answer: muscarinic direct agonist; stimulates sweat, tears, saliva methacholine Correct Answer: muscarinic direct agonist; asthma diagnositic test neostigmine Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; post-op and neurogenic ileus, urinary retention and neurogenic bladder, MG, NMJ blocker pyridostigmine Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; MG longterm treatment echothiophate Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; glaucoma edrophonium Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; MG diagnostic test, differentiates myasthenic crisis (+ test) from cholinergic crisis (- test) physostigmine Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; crosses BBB, anticholinergic/atropine toxicity Donepazil Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; alzheimer's Galantamine Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; alzheimer's Rivastigmine Correct Answer: anti-acetylcholinesterase; alzheimer's Homatropine Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; pupil dilation Tropicamide Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; pupil dilation Cyclopentoate Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; pupil dilation Glycopyrrylate Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; reduces respiratory/GI secretions, useful during surgery (anesthetic aid) Benzotropine Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; parkinson's, parkinsonism from antipsychotics Scopolamine Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; motion sickness Ipratropium Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; COPD, asthma Tiotropium Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; COPD, asthma Oxybutynin Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; urge urinary incontinence Tolterodine Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; urge urinary incontinence Darifenacin Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; urge urinary incontinence Trospium Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; urge urinary incontinence Solifenacin Correct Answer: muscarninic antag; urge urinary incontinence Epinepherine Correct Answer: Beta>alpha; endogenous Norepinephrine Correct Answer: alpha>beta; endogenous Clonidine Correct Answer: alpha2 agonist; hypertensive med Dopamine Correct Answer: beta agonist at medium concentrations, alpha at high Phenephrine Correct Answer: alpha1>alpha2; nasal decongestant Albuterol Correct Answer: Beta2>beta1; rescue inhaler Isoproterenol Correct Answer: beta1>beta2; anesthetic aid dobutamine Correct Answer: beta1>beta2; used for cardiac stress test terbutaline Correct Answer: beta2>beta1; subq for asthma, tocolytic amphetamine, ephedrine, tyramine Correct Answer: releases stored catechols (3) cocaine, TCAs, SNRIs Correct Answer: NE reuptake inhibitor (3) guanethidine, bretylium Correct Answer: inhibits catechol release (2) propanolol Correct Answer: non-selective Beta blocker atenolol, esmolol, metopropolol Correct Answer: selective B1 blockers (3) Timolol, Nadolol Correct Answer: glaucoma treatment, non-selective BBs acebutolol, pindolol Correct Answer: partial Beta agonists; useful for HTN treatment in those with bradycardia labetalol, caredilol Correct Answer: alpha/beta blocker; CHF treatment Nebivolol Correct Answer: beta1 blocker that releases NO -zosins Correct Answer: alpha1 antagonists; treats BPH tamsulosin Correct Answer: specific for alpha1A,D receptor in prostatic urethra phentolamine Correct Answer: MAOI + tyramine consumption antidote phenoxybenzamine Correct Answer: pheochromocytoma medical treatment What are the major functions of the α1 receptor? Correct Answer: Increase vascular smooth muscle contraction, increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis), increase intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction What are the major functions of the α2 receptor? Correct Answer: Decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease insulin release, decrease lipolysis, increase platelet aggregation, decrease aqueous humor production What are the major functions of the β1 receptor? Correct Answer: Increase heart rate, increase contractility, increase renin release, increase lipolysis What are the major functions of the β2 receptor? Correct Answer: Vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, increase insulin release, decrease uterine tone (tocolysis), ciliary muscle relaxation, increase aqueous humor production What are the major functions of the M1 receptor? Correct Answer: CNS, enteric nervous system What are the major functions of the M2 receptor? Correct Answer: Decrease heart rate and contractility of atria What are the major functions of the M3 receptor? Correct Answer: Increase exocrine gland secretions (e.g., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), increase gut peristalsis, increase bladder contraction, increase bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation) What are the major functions of the D1 receptor? Correct Answer: Relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle What are the major functions of the D2 receptor?