GISP General Questions with Verified Solutions

GISP General Questions with Verified Solutions An example of analog-to-digital conversion Scanning a map document to JPG format Components of the OGC geometry object model Curve, point, surface Most effective method for maintaining data quality to ensure that no line features of a stream center line layer intersect the polygon feature of a land cover layer Topology According to National Map Accuracy Standards, what percentage of features must be within 1/30 of an inch or less from their intended horizontal accuracy on maps with scales of 1:20,000 or larger? 90% A compression technique for raster data that subdivides data into quarters and data structures based on the successive reduction of homogeneous cells. Reduces raster storage requirements. It also is dependent on the complexity of the feature and the resolution of the smallest grid cell. Quad trees A compression algorithm for raster data that represents an image in terms of the length of runs of identical pixels. A very simple form of lossless data compression in which runs of data (that is, sequences in which the same data value occurs in many consecutive data elements) are stored as a single data value and count, rather than as the original run. Run Length Encoding The straight-line distance, or shortest possible path, between two points Euclidean distance sqrt[(X2-X1)^2+(Y2-Y1)^2)] Euclidean Distance Formula (2D) |X1-X2| + |Y1-Y2| Manhattan Distance Formula a=b or a ∩ b = a) ∧ (a ∩ b = b) Equals a ∩ b ≠ ∅ Intersects a ∩ b = ∅ Disjoint (a ∩ b ≠ ∅) ∧ (aο ∩ bο = ∅) Touches a ∩ b = b Contains a* ∩ b = b or Every point of b is a point of (the interior of) a Covers a ∩ b = a Within According to Bolstad, a spatial model that is temporally static, has combined spatial datasets, and operations and functions for problem-solving Cartographic model According to Bolstad, a spatial model that is dynamic in space and time, and has time-driven processes Spatio-temporal model According to Bolstad, a spatial model of resources (flow, accumulation) limited to networks Network model According to Goodchild (2003), a conceptual spatial model that has entities and fields Data model According to Goodchild (2003), a type of spatial modeling that takes inputs to transform them into outputs using sets of tools and functions Static Modeling According to Goodchild (2003), a type of spatial modeling that is iterative, has sets of initial conditions, and applies transformations to obtain a series of predictions at time intervals Dynamic Modeling According to DeMers (2005), a spatial model that is based on purpose descriptive - passive, description of the study area prescriptive & active, imposing best solution purpose descriptive Based on statistical probabilities deterministic - known functional linkages and interactions methodology stochastic Data represents the landscape as a rectangular matrix of square cells Raster Data represented with features as discrete points, lines, and polygons Vector