CPCE Exam Questions with Complete Solutions

CPCE Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment - ANSWER When counselors do integrate research into practice. Correlation - ANSWER Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality. The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain. Three types of correlations - ANSWER Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5. A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your GPA goes up. A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities. Quantitative research - ANSWER when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers. Qualitative research - ANSWER When does research does not use numberical data Bubbles - ANSWER When research has flaws What is a true experiment? - ANSWER Two or more groups are udes. What is random sampling? - ANSWER People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random assignment. Systematic sampling - ANSWER where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers stillprefer random sampling and random assignment What is quasi-experimental research? - ANSWER When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment. quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality. What is the independent variable - ANSWER The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the experimental variable. what is the DV or dependent variable? - ANSWER the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV. Type I alpha error - ANSWER When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true. Type II beta error - ANSWER When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected. What is significance levels in social science? - ANSWER .05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error. N=1 - ANSWER a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular. Demand characteristics - ANSWER evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate. An obtrustive or a reactive measure - ANSWER if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality. Unobtrusive measure - ANSWER When subjects are not aware that they are being measured. Internal vailidty - ANSWER when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate. The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured. External validity - ANSWER it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other settings. A t test - ANSWER a popular parametric test for comparing two means. ANOVA or analysis of variance - ANSWER Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric