Inhoudsopgave
1. Autonomic nervous system ....................................................................................................... 10
Cholinerge transmissie .............................................................................................................................. 11
1. Muscarine agonisten (parasympathomimetica, cholinerge agentia) ............................................ 12
2. Muscarine antagonisten (parasympatholytica, anticholinerge agentia) ....................................... 12
3. Neuromusculaire blokkers ............................................................................................................. 14
4. Cholinesterase inhibitoren............................................................................................................. 15
Noradrenerge transmissie ......................................................................................................................... 16
1. Adrenoreceptor agonisten ............................................................................................................. 17
Niet selectieve endogene agonisten (α+ ß) ....................................................................................... 17
Selectieve α1 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 17
Selectieve α2 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 17
ß agonisten ........................................................................................................................................ 18
selectieve ß2 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 18
ß3 agonisten ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3. Adrenoreceptor antagonisten ....................................................................................................... 19
Niet selectieve α antagonisten .......................................................................................................... 19
Selectieve α1 antagonisten ............................................................................................................... 19
ß antagonisten (ß blocking agents).................................................................................................... 20
4. Geneesmiddelen met een invloed op de synthese van noradrenaline ......................................... 21
Perifere inhibitoren van DOPA decarboxylase .................................................................................. 21
Methyldopa (aldomet) ....................................................................................................................... 21
5. Geneesmiddelen die de noradrenaline release, neuronale reuptake of degradatie beïnvloeden 22
2. Cardiovasculair systeem ............................................................................................................ 22
Antihypertensiva ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Centraal werkende antihypertensiva .................................................................................................... 22
Antianginale geneesmiddelen ................................................................................................................... 23
1. Nitrovasodilatoren (nitraten, molsidomine) .................................................................................. 23
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt bij hartfalen ..................................................................................................... 24
1. Digitalis glyclosiden ........................................................................................................................ 24
2. Fosfodiësterase III-inhibitoren ....................................................................................................... 25
Calcium antagonisten................................................................................................................................ 25
Het renine-angiotensine systeem .............................................................................................................. 26
1. Inhibitoren van angiotensine converting enzyme (ACE inhibitoren) ............................................. 27
2. Sartanen: antagonisten van de angiotensine1-receptor ............................................................... 28
Diuretica .................................................................................................................................................... 28
1. Lisdiuretica ..................................................................................................................................... 28
2. Thiaziden ........................................................................................................................................ 29
3. Kaliumsparende diuretica .............................................................................................................. 30
1
, 4. Carbo-anhydrase inhibitoren ......................................................................................................... 30
5. Osmotische diuretica ..................................................................................................................... 31
Antiaritmische geneesmiddelen ................................................................................................................ 31
1. Klasse 1: snelle natrium kanaal blokkers ....................................................................................... 31
2. Klasse 2: ß-blokkers ....................................................................................................................... 32
3. Klasse 3: kalium kanaal blokkers .................................................................................................... 32
4. Klasse 4: calcium kanaal blokkers .................................................................................................. 33
5. Adenosine ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Hypolipidemische middelen, lipidenverlagende geneesmiddelen ............................................................. 33
1. Statines .......................................................................................................................................... 34
2. Fibraten .......................................................................................................................................... 35
3. Geneesmiddelen die cholesterol absorptie inhiberen ................................................................... 35
a. Anion exchangers ....................................................................................................................... 35
b. Ezetimibe ................................................................................................................................ 35
4. Nicotinezuur of niacine .................................................................................................................. 36
5. PCSK9-inhibitoren .......................................................................................................................... 36
Antithrombotica ........................................................................................................................................ 36
1. Anti aggregantia, anti plaatjes geneesmiddelen ............................................................................ 36
a. Acetylsalicylzuur ......................................................................................................................... 37
b. Thienopyridines = irreversibele en reversibele P2Y12 antagonisten ..................................... 37
c. Dipyridamole .............................................................................................................................. 38
d. GP Iib-IIIa-receptor antagonisten ........................................................................................... 38
2. Anticoagulantia .............................................................................................................................. 38
a. Heparine..................................................................................................................................... 39
b. Vitamine K antagonisten ........................................................................................................ 39
c. Thrombine inhibitoren ............................................................................................................... 40
d. Inhibitoren van factor Xa ........................................................................................................ 40
3. Thrombolytica, fibrinolytische geneesmiddelen............................................................................ 40
3. Centraal zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................ 41
Sedatieve, hypnotische en anxiolytische geneesmiddelen ........................................................................ 41
1. Benzodiazepines ............................................................................................................................ 41
2. Z-producten: zolpidem en zopiclone ............................................................................................. 43
3. Barbituraten ................................................................................................................................... 43
Antidepressiva ........................................................................................................................................... 44
1. Reuptake inhibitoren, monoamine uptake inhibitoren ................................................................. 44
2. St-Janskruid .................................................................................................................................... 45
3. Monoamine oxidase inhibitoren MAO inhibitoren ........................................................................ 46
4. Lithium ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Antipsychotica ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Centraal stimulerende middelen ............................................................................................................... 48
1. Amfetamines en gerelateerde geneesmiddelen............................................................................ 48
2. Atomoxetine .................................................................................................................................. 48
2
, 3. Cocaïne .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt bij afhankelijkheid ........................................................................................... 49
1. Bij alcoholmisbruik ......................................................................................................................... 49
Disulfiram .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Acamprosaat (campral) ..................................................................................................................... 49
2. Bij tabaks verslaving ....................................................................................................................... 49
Nicotine ............................................................................................................................................. 49
Bupropion .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Varenicline ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Geneesmiddelen om parkinson te behandelen ......................................................................................... 50
1. L-DOPA + DDC inhibitor ................................................................................................................. 50
2. Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitoren ....................................................................... 50
3. Mono amine oxidase B inhibitoren ................................................................................................ 51
4. Dopamine agonisten ...................................................................................................................... 51
5. Muscarine antagonisten ................................................................................................................ 51
Anti epileptica ........................................................................................................................................... 51
1. Klassieke anti-epileptica ................................................................................................................ 52
Valproïnezuur .................................................................................................................................... 52
Carbamazepine .................................................................................................................................. 52
Fenytoïne ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Fenobarbital en primidone ................................................................................................................ 53
Ethosuximide ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Benzodiazepines ................................................................................................................................ 53
2. Nieuwe generatie anti-epileptica .................................................................................................. 53
Lamotrigine ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Levetiracetam .................................................................................................................................... 53
Topiramaat ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Gabapentine en pregabaline ............................................................................................................. 53
Zonisamide ........................................................................................................................................ 54
3. Teratogeniciteit van klassieke anti-epileptica................................................................................ 54
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt in geval van spasmen ...................................................................................... 54
1. Centrale spierrelaxantia ................................................................................................................. 54
Baclofen ............................................................................................................................................. 54
Tizanidine........................................................................................................................................... 54
Diazepam ........................................................................................................................................... 54
2. Perifeer werkende spierrelaxantia................................................................................................. 54
Dantrolene ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Geneesmiddelen om migraine te behandelen ........................................................................................... 54
1. Geneesmiddelen om acute migraine aanvallen te behandelen .................................................... 55
Analgetica, NSAID’s............................................................................................................................ 55
Triptanen ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Ergot alkaloïden ................................................................................................................................. 55
2. Profylaxe geneesmiddelen voor migraine ..................................................................................... 55
3
, 4. Gastro-intestinaal stelsel ........................................................................................................... 55
Geneesmiddelen die gastrische en duodenale pathologiën behandelen .................................................. 55
Inhibitoren van de maagzuursecretie.................................................................................................... 56
Protonpompinhibitoren ..................................................................................................................... 56
Histamine H2-receptor antagonisten ................................................................................................ 57
Prostaglandine E1-analogen .............................................................................................................. 58
Antacida................................................................................................................................................. 58
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt voor lever-, galweg- en pancreas-aandoeningen ............................................ 58
1. Pancreatische enzymen ................................................................................................................. 58
2. Ursodeoxycholinezuur ................................................................................................................... 59
IBD – inflammatoire darmsyndromen ....................................................................................................... 59
1. 5-aminosalicylaten ......................................................................................................................... 60
2. Glucocorticoïden ............................................................................................................................ 60
3. Immunosuppressiva ....................................................................................................................... 60
Azathioprine ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Cyclosporine ...................................................................................................................................... 60
4. Biologicals ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Anti-TNF antilichamen ....................................................................................................................... 61
Vedoluzimab ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Spasmolytica ............................................................................................................................................. 61
1. Anticholinergica ............................................................................................................................. 61
2. Musculotrope spasmolytische middelen ....................................................................................... 61
Anti-emetica .............................................................................................................................................. 61
1. Scopolamine (hyoscine) ................................................................................................................. 62
2. H1 receptor antagonisten .............................................................................................................. 63
3. Antipsychotische middelen ............................................................................................................ 63
4. Middelen die de GI motiliteit bevorderen ..................................................................................... 63
5. 5-HT3 receptor antagonisten ......................................................................................................... 64
6. NK1 receptor antagonisten ............................................................................................................ 64
Laxativa ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
1. Bulkvormende laxativa .................................................................................................................. 64
2. Glijmiddel (lubricant) laxativa ........................................................................................................ 65
3. Osmotische laxativa ....................................................................................................................... 65
Lactitol, lactulose, sorbitol................................................................................................................. 65
Macrogol............................................................................................................................................ 66
Fosfaat en sulfaat laxativa ................................................................................................................. 66
4. Contactlaxativa .............................................................................................................................. 66
5. Prucalopride................................................................................................................................... 66
Anti-diarree middelen ............................................................................................................................... 67
1. Orale rehydratatie oplossingen, oral rehydration solution ........................................................... 67
2. Adsorbantia.................................................................................................................................... 67
3. Transit inhibitoren ......................................................................................................................... 67
4
1. Autonomic nervous system ....................................................................................................... 10
Cholinerge transmissie .............................................................................................................................. 11
1. Muscarine agonisten (parasympathomimetica, cholinerge agentia) ............................................ 12
2. Muscarine antagonisten (parasympatholytica, anticholinerge agentia) ....................................... 12
3. Neuromusculaire blokkers ............................................................................................................. 14
4. Cholinesterase inhibitoren............................................................................................................. 15
Noradrenerge transmissie ......................................................................................................................... 16
1. Adrenoreceptor agonisten ............................................................................................................. 17
Niet selectieve endogene agonisten (α+ ß) ....................................................................................... 17
Selectieve α1 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 17
Selectieve α2 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 17
ß agonisten ........................................................................................................................................ 18
selectieve ß2 agonisten ..................................................................................................................... 18
ß3 agonisten ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3. Adrenoreceptor antagonisten ....................................................................................................... 19
Niet selectieve α antagonisten .......................................................................................................... 19
Selectieve α1 antagonisten ............................................................................................................... 19
ß antagonisten (ß blocking agents).................................................................................................... 20
4. Geneesmiddelen met een invloed op de synthese van noradrenaline ......................................... 21
Perifere inhibitoren van DOPA decarboxylase .................................................................................. 21
Methyldopa (aldomet) ....................................................................................................................... 21
5. Geneesmiddelen die de noradrenaline release, neuronale reuptake of degradatie beïnvloeden 22
2. Cardiovasculair systeem ............................................................................................................ 22
Antihypertensiva ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Centraal werkende antihypertensiva .................................................................................................... 22
Antianginale geneesmiddelen ................................................................................................................... 23
1. Nitrovasodilatoren (nitraten, molsidomine) .................................................................................. 23
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt bij hartfalen ..................................................................................................... 24
1. Digitalis glyclosiden ........................................................................................................................ 24
2. Fosfodiësterase III-inhibitoren ....................................................................................................... 25
Calcium antagonisten................................................................................................................................ 25
Het renine-angiotensine systeem .............................................................................................................. 26
1. Inhibitoren van angiotensine converting enzyme (ACE inhibitoren) ............................................. 27
2. Sartanen: antagonisten van de angiotensine1-receptor ............................................................... 28
Diuretica .................................................................................................................................................... 28
1. Lisdiuretica ..................................................................................................................................... 28
2. Thiaziden ........................................................................................................................................ 29
3. Kaliumsparende diuretica .............................................................................................................. 30
1
, 4. Carbo-anhydrase inhibitoren ......................................................................................................... 30
5. Osmotische diuretica ..................................................................................................................... 31
Antiaritmische geneesmiddelen ................................................................................................................ 31
1. Klasse 1: snelle natrium kanaal blokkers ....................................................................................... 31
2. Klasse 2: ß-blokkers ....................................................................................................................... 32
3. Klasse 3: kalium kanaal blokkers .................................................................................................... 32
4. Klasse 4: calcium kanaal blokkers .................................................................................................. 33
5. Adenosine ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Hypolipidemische middelen, lipidenverlagende geneesmiddelen ............................................................. 33
1. Statines .......................................................................................................................................... 34
2. Fibraten .......................................................................................................................................... 35
3. Geneesmiddelen die cholesterol absorptie inhiberen ................................................................... 35
a. Anion exchangers ....................................................................................................................... 35
b. Ezetimibe ................................................................................................................................ 35
4. Nicotinezuur of niacine .................................................................................................................. 36
5. PCSK9-inhibitoren .......................................................................................................................... 36
Antithrombotica ........................................................................................................................................ 36
1. Anti aggregantia, anti plaatjes geneesmiddelen ............................................................................ 36
a. Acetylsalicylzuur ......................................................................................................................... 37
b. Thienopyridines = irreversibele en reversibele P2Y12 antagonisten ..................................... 37
c. Dipyridamole .............................................................................................................................. 38
d. GP Iib-IIIa-receptor antagonisten ........................................................................................... 38
2. Anticoagulantia .............................................................................................................................. 38
a. Heparine..................................................................................................................................... 39
b. Vitamine K antagonisten ........................................................................................................ 39
c. Thrombine inhibitoren ............................................................................................................... 40
d. Inhibitoren van factor Xa ........................................................................................................ 40
3. Thrombolytica, fibrinolytische geneesmiddelen............................................................................ 40
3. Centraal zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................ 41
Sedatieve, hypnotische en anxiolytische geneesmiddelen ........................................................................ 41
1. Benzodiazepines ............................................................................................................................ 41
2. Z-producten: zolpidem en zopiclone ............................................................................................. 43
3. Barbituraten ................................................................................................................................... 43
Antidepressiva ........................................................................................................................................... 44
1. Reuptake inhibitoren, monoamine uptake inhibitoren ................................................................. 44
2. St-Janskruid .................................................................................................................................... 45
3. Monoamine oxidase inhibitoren MAO inhibitoren ........................................................................ 46
4. Lithium ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Antipsychotica ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Centraal stimulerende middelen ............................................................................................................... 48
1. Amfetamines en gerelateerde geneesmiddelen............................................................................ 48
2. Atomoxetine .................................................................................................................................. 48
2
, 3. Cocaïne .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt bij afhankelijkheid ........................................................................................... 49
1. Bij alcoholmisbruik ......................................................................................................................... 49
Disulfiram .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Acamprosaat (campral) ..................................................................................................................... 49
2. Bij tabaks verslaving ....................................................................................................................... 49
Nicotine ............................................................................................................................................. 49
Bupropion .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Varenicline ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Geneesmiddelen om parkinson te behandelen ......................................................................................... 50
1. L-DOPA + DDC inhibitor ................................................................................................................. 50
2. Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitoren ....................................................................... 50
3. Mono amine oxidase B inhibitoren ................................................................................................ 51
4. Dopamine agonisten ...................................................................................................................... 51
5. Muscarine antagonisten ................................................................................................................ 51
Anti epileptica ........................................................................................................................................... 51
1. Klassieke anti-epileptica ................................................................................................................ 52
Valproïnezuur .................................................................................................................................... 52
Carbamazepine .................................................................................................................................. 52
Fenytoïne ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Fenobarbital en primidone ................................................................................................................ 53
Ethosuximide ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Benzodiazepines ................................................................................................................................ 53
2. Nieuwe generatie anti-epileptica .................................................................................................. 53
Lamotrigine ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Levetiracetam .................................................................................................................................... 53
Topiramaat ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Gabapentine en pregabaline ............................................................................................................. 53
Zonisamide ........................................................................................................................................ 54
3. Teratogeniciteit van klassieke anti-epileptica................................................................................ 54
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt in geval van spasmen ...................................................................................... 54
1. Centrale spierrelaxantia ................................................................................................................. 54
Baclofen ............................................................................................................................................. 54
Tizanidine........................................................................................................................................... 54
Diazepam ........................................................................................................................................... 54
2. Perifeer werkende spierrelaxantia................................................................................................. 54
Dantrolene ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Geneesmiddelen om migraine te behandelen ........................................................................................... 54
1. Geneesmiddelen om acute migraine aanvallen te behandelen .................................................... 55
Analgetica, NSAID’s............................................................................................................................ 55
Triptanen ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Ergot alkaloïden ................................................................................................................................. 55
2. Profylaxe geneesmiddelen voor migraine ..................................................................................... 55
3
, 4. Gastro-intestinaal stelsel ........................................................................................................... 55
Geneesmiddelen die gastrische en duodenale pathologiën behandelen .................................................. 55
Inhibitoren van de maagzuursecretie.................................................................................................... 56
Protonpompinhibitoren ..................................................................................................................... 56
Histamine H2-receptor antagonisten ................................................................................................ 57
Prostaglandine E1-analogen .............................................................................................................. 58
Antacida................................................................................................................................................. 58
Geneesmiddelen gebruikt voor lever-, galweg- en pancreas-aandoeningen ............................................ 58
1. Pancreatische enzymen ................................................................................................................. 58
2. Ursodeoxycholinezuur ................................................................................................................... 59
IBD – inflammatoire darmsyndromen ....................................................................................................... 59
1. 5-aminosalicylaten ......................................................................................................................... 60
2. Glucocorticoïden ............................................................................................................................ 60
3. Immunosuppressiva ....................................................................................................................... 60
Azathioprine ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Cyclosporine ...................................................................................................................................... 60
4. Biologicals ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Anti-TNF antilichamen ....................................................................................................................... 61
Vedoluzimab ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Spasmolytica ............................................................................................................................................. 61
1. Anticholinergica ............................................................................................................................. 61
2. Musculotrope spasmolytische middelen ....................................................................................... 61
Anti-emetica .............................................................................................................................................. 61
1. Scopolamine (hyoscine) ................................................................................................................. 62
2. H1 receptor antagonisten .............................................................................................................. 63
3. Antipsychotische middelen ............................................................................................................ 63
4. Middelen die de GI motiliteit bevorderen ..................................................................................... 63
5. 5-HT3 receptor antagonisten ......................................................................................................... 64
6. NK1 receptor antagonisten ............................................................................................................ 64
Laxativa ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
1. Bulkvormende laxativa .................................................................................................................. 64
2. Glijmiddel (lubricant) laxativa ........................................................................................................ 65
3. Osmotische laxativa ....................................................................................................................... 65
Lactitol, lactulose, sorbitol................................................................................................................. 65
Macrogol............................................................................................................................................ 66
Fosfaat en sulfaat laxativa ................................................................................................................. 66
4. Contactlaxativa .............................................................................................................................. 66
5. Prucalopride................................................................................................................................... 66
Anti-diarree middelen ............................................................................................................................... 67
1. Orale rehydratatie oplossingen, oral rehydration solution ........................................................... 67
2. Adsorbantia.................................................................................................................................... 67
3. Transit inhibitoren ......................................................................................................................... 67
4
