WGU Psych D094 Obj. Assessment exam 2023

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) - ANSWER from birth to 2 years, motor activity Pre-operational Stage (Piaget) - ANSWER from 2 years to 7 years, development of language, memory, and imagination (symbolically) Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget) - ANSWER from 7 years to 11 years, logical thinking Formal Operational Stage (Piaget) - ANSWER adolescence to adulthood, abstract thoughts Physical Development - ANSWER a developmental process that refers to the physical growth of a person's body Cognitive Development - ANSWER the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory Piaget's Theory - ANSWER Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. Vygotsky's Theory - ANSWER A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Erikson's Theory - ANSWER Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Trust versus Mistrust (Erikson) - ANSWER Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Erikson) - ANSWER Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies. Initiative versus Guilt (Erikson) - ANSWER Pre-school children initiating activities and asserting control. Industry versus Inferiority (Erikson) - ANSWER The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent. Identity versus Role Confusion (Erikson) - ANSWER Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt Intimacy versus Isolation (Erikson) - ANSWER Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - ANSWER Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - ANSWER Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional). Preconventional - ANSWER Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking Conventional - ANSWER Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Postconventional - ANSWER Right and wrong determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice Gilligan's Theory - ANSWER The theory suggesting that there is a different process of moral development in women than in men. Chomsky's Theory - ANSWER Children have an inborn ability to learn language through exposure to it, not being taught it. Skinner's Theory - ANSWER Theory proposed that we learn language through association, imitation and reinforcement Vygotsky's language theory - ANSWER Social learning Language Development - ANSWER the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - ANSWER Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher (scaffolding) Intelligence Theories - ANSWER varying ways that psychologists conceptualize what is meant to be "smart" Behaviorist Theory - ANSWER Personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment.