TNCC - Trauma Nursing Core Course. Latest Revision Questions and answers. Rated A

TNCC - Trauma Nursing Core Course. Latest Revision Questions and answers. Rated A Document Content and Description Below Initial Assessment - 1. Preparation and Triage 2. Primary Survey 3. Reevaluation 4. Secondary Survey 5. Reevaluation Adjuncts 6. Reevaluation and Post Resuscitation Care 7. Definitive Care or Transport A (Primary Survey) - Airway and alertness with simultaneous cervical spinal stabilization. Alertness Assessment - A-Alert V-Verbal P-Painful U-Unresponsive Airway Assessment - Inspect: tongue obstruction, loose/missing teeth, foreign objects, blood, vomitus, secretions, edema, burns or evidence of inhalation injury Auscultate: listen for obstructive airway sounds (ie. snoring, gurgling, stridor) Palpate: palpate for possible occlusive maxillofacial bony deformity, subcutaneous emphysema Airway Interventions: - SuctionRemove foreign body if noted Jaw thrust maneuver (maintain cspine) Nasopharyngeal airway (can be conscious) Oropharyngeal airway (no gag) Consider definitive airway A (AVPU) - Alert. Will be able to maintain airway once clear. V (AVPU) - Verbal. Needs verbal stimuli to respond. (Airway adjunct may be needed to prevent tongue obstruction) P (AVPU) - Painful. Responds only to painful stimuli. (Airway adjunct may be needed while determining need for intubation) U (AVPU) - Unresponsive. Does not respond to any stimuli. B (Primary Survey) - Breathing and Ventilation Breathing and Ventilation Assessment - Inspect: spontaneous breathing, symmetrical rise and fall, depth/pattern/rate of respirations, accessory muscle use, diaphragmatic breathing, skin color (normal, pale, flushed, cyanotic), contusions/abrasions/deformities (signs of underlying injury), open pneumothoraces (sucking chest wound), JVD, tracheal position, signs of inhalation injury Auscultate: presence, absence and equality of breath sounds at 2nd intercostal space midclavicular line and bases at the fifth intercostal space anterior axillary line Palpate: bony structures, possible rib fractures, SQ emphysema, soft tissue injury, JV pulsations at suprasternal notch or supraclavicular area Life-threatening pulmonary injuries requiring immediate intervention: open pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, flail chest, hemothorax.Breathing and Ventilation Intervention - Breathing absent: jaw-thrust maneuver, oral airway adjunct, assist ventilation with bag-mask device, prepare for definitive airway Breathing present: NRB. Determine if ventilation effective: etCO2 35-45, SpO2 94% or higher. If ineffective: assist with bag-mask and determine need for definitive airway C (Primary Survey) - Circulation and Control of Hemorrhage Circulation and Control of Hemorrhage Assessment - Inspect: Uncontrolled external bleeding, skin color Auscultate: Muffled heart sounds - may indicate pericardial tamponade Palpate: carotid and/or femoral pulses for rate, rhythm, strength Circulation and Control of Hemorrhage Interventions - Control and treat external bleeding: apply direct pressure, elevate bleeding extremity, apply pressure over arterial sites, consider use of a tourniquet. 2 large bore IVs, if unable consider IO, obtain labs and crossmatch. Initiate IVF of warmed isotonic crystalloid solution. Consider blood products after 2L. **Large volumes of fluid lead to dilution coagulopathy which worsens metabolic acidosis and may cause hypothermia. Component therapy, including administering RBC, plasma and platelets is a balanced approach so that O2 delivery is optimized, acidosis corrected and coagulopathy prevented. D (Primary Survey) - Disability (Neurologic Status) Disability Assessment - Assess GCS on arrival and repeat per policy.Assess pupils for equality, shape and reactivity (PERRL) Disability interventions - Evaluate for need for CT. Assume AMS to be the result of CNS injury until proven otherwise. Consider ABGs - AMS may be indicator of decreased cerebral perfusion, hypoventilation or acid-base imbalance. Consider bedside glucose. GCS - GCS EYES 1: Does not open eyes 2: Opens eyes in response to pain 3: Opens eyes in response to voice 4: Opens eyes spontaneously VERBAL 1. Makes no sounds 2. Makes sounds 3. Words 4. Confused, disoriented 5. Oriented, converses normally MOTOR 1. Makes no movements 2. Extension to painful stimuli (decerebrate)3. Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (decorticate) 4. Withdrawal to painful stimuli 5. Localizes painful stimuli 6. Obeys commands E (Primary Survey) - Exposure and Environmental Control Exposure and Environmental Control - Carefully and completely undress the patient. Inspect for uncontrolled bleeding and note any obvious injuries. Prevent heat loss. Hypothermia combined with hypotension and acidosis is a potentially lethal combination in the injured patient. Consider: warm blankets, keep ambient temperature warm, warm IVF, forced air warmers, radiant warming lights. F (Primary Survey) - Full Set of VS & Family Presence G (Primary Survey) - Get Resuscitation Adjuncts: (LMNOP) L: Labs M: Monitor cardiac rate and rhythm N: Naso or orogastric tube consideration O: Oxygenation - SpO2 and/or etCO2 monitor P: Pain assessment and management Reevaluation - Portable radiograph - AP chest, pelvis. Can quickly identify potentially life-threatening injuries such as pneumothorax or pelvic fracture with uncontrolled internal hemorrhage. Can also confirm placement of ET tubes, chest tubes and gastric tubes. Consider need for transfer.H (Secondary Survey) - History Prehospital Report (MIST) M: MOI I: Injuries sustained S: Signs and sympt