SCHIZOPHRENIA
, CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL
DISORDER = process of organising
DISCUSS ISSUES OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH
symptoms into categories based on CLASSIFICATION AND/OR DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
which symptoms cluster together in
sufferers. 1. Reliability – extent to which the diagnosis of schizophrenia consistent?
2. Validity – extent to which diagnosis + classification techniques actually measuring s
HALLUCINATIONS: 3. Co-morbidity – occurrence of 2 illnesses together = confuses diagnosis and treatme
SCHIZOPHRENIA = severe mental illness Sensory experiences with no basis in reality OR distorted perceptions 4. Symptom overlap – when 2 or more conditions share symptoms = questions the va
where contact with reality and insight are of real things = hearing voices or seeing people who aren’t there. 5. Cultural bias – why are people of African origin diagnosed more often than other gro
impaired (type of psychosis). DELUSIONS: 6. Gender bias – why are men diagnosed more often than women?
Firm beliefs that seem real BUT not real.
- Paranoid delusions + delusions of grandeur Diagnosis of schizophrenia is lo
Low reliability in diagnosis in 1970s = DSM
EXPERIENCES OF CONTROL: E = Cheniaux et al. (2009): 2 psyc
Characterised by: E = Rosenhan (1970): ‘On being sane in insane
Person believes under control of alien force that invaded their mind diagnose 100 patients using DSM
places’: ‘normal’ people pretended suffering from
• a profound disruption of cognition and emotion, (presence of spirits, implanted radio transmitters).
auditory hallucinations + diagnosed with • 1 psychiatrist diagnosed 26 with
• a loss of contact with external reality. DISORDERED THINKING: 44 using ICD.
schizophrenia + admitted US psychiatric hospitals.
Affects 1% of people at some point in their life. Feeling thoughts have been inserted/withdrawn from mind.
E = Behaved ‘normally’. However, staff failed • 2nd psychiatrist diagnosed 13 w
Prevalence:
recognised they ‘normal’. • L = Inconsistency between ment
• males (1.4 x) > females E = Follow-up study: Rosenhan warned hospitals of different classi cation systems =
• cities > countryside intention to send more pseudo-patients + resulted reliability poor.
• working-class > middle-class POS. SYMPTOMS = re ect excess/distortion of normal 21% detection rate although NO pseudo-patients ALSO
functioning - additional experiences beyond those of turned up! Shows schizophrenia more likely t
ordinary existence (hallucinations or delusions). L = Serious implications as sane people might be than DSM.
CLASSIFICATION OF institutionalised + vice-versa. L =Schizophrenia either over-diag
diagnosed in DSM = poor validity +
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
AVOLITION: Despite Rosenhan’s ndings discrediting psychiatry
- Loss of desires + interest = often mistaken for apparent disinterest. = positives came out of it:
ICD-10 = used in UK POVERTY OF SPEECH (ALOGIA):
• Revised versions of DSM ! validity of diagnosis Co-morbidity
- Lessening of speech uency and productivity (delay), thought to re ect of schizophrenia E = When 2 or more conditions
International Classi cation of Disease, edition 10
slowing or blocked thoughts. E = Buckley et al. (2009): conc
• Raised standards in care in psychiatric institutions
DSM-V = used in USA - Disorganised + incoherent.
• Regular check-ups patients with diagnosis of schiz
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, edition 5 AFFECTED FLATTERING:
diagnosis of depression (50%)
A reduction in the range + intensity of emotional expression.
(47%).
L = In terms of classi cation, if
DIAGNOSIS GUIDELINES OF Symptom overlap between schizophrenia + other conditions
like schizophrenia + vice versa
NEG. SYMPTOMS = re ect diminution/loss of E = Schizophrenia + bipolar disorder = both involve positive
SCHIZOPHRENIA: as single condition = limitation.
normal functioning - loss of usual abilities + symptoms (delusions) + negative symptoms (avolition).
• 2 diagnostic criteria to be met over least 1 month:
- delusions, hallucinations, or disorganised experiences (avolition or speech poverty). E = Questions validity of classification + diagnosis
speech. E = ICD10: schizophrenia; DSM: bipolar disorder
- negative symptoms, or severely disorganised or L = Confusion could lead wrong label/ treatment. + could
catatonic behaviour (zombie behaviour). SYMPTOMS OF schizophrenia + bipolar be one condition (and not 2)?
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
fi fi fifl fifl fl
, CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL
DISORDER = process of organising
DISCUSS ISSUES OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH
symptoms into categories based on CLASSIFICATION AND/OR DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
which symptoms cluster together in
sufferers. 1. Reliability – extent to which the diagnosis of schizophrenia consistent?
2. Validity – extent to which diagnosis + classification techniques actually measuring s
HALLUCINATIONS: 3. Co-morbidity – occurrence of 2 illnesses together = confuses diagnosis and treatme
SCHIZOPHRENIA = severe mental illness Sensory experiences with no basis in reality OR distorted perceptions 4. Symptom overlap – when 2 or more conditions share symptoms = questions the va
where contact with reality and insight are of real things = hearing voices or seeing people who aren’t there. 5. Cultural bias – why are people of African origin diagnosed more often than other gro
impaired (type of psychosis). DELUSIONS: 6. Gender bias – why are men diagnosed more often than women?
Firm beliefs that seem real BUT not real.
- Paranoid delusions + delusions of grandeur Diagnosis of schizophrenia is lo
Low reliability in diagnosis in 1970s = DSM
EXPERIENCES OF CONTROL: E = Cheniaux et al. (2009): 2 psyc
Characterised by: E = Rosenhan (1970): ‘On being sane in insane
Person believes under control of alien force that invaded their mind diagnose 100 patients using DSM
places’: ‘normal’ people pretended suffering from
• a profound disruption of cognition and emotion, (presence of spirits, implanted radio transmitters).
auditory hallucinations + diagnosed with • 1 psychiatrist diagnosed 26 with
• a loss of contact with external reality. DISORDERED THINKING: 44 using ICD.
schizophrenia + admitted US psychiatric hospitals.
Affects 1% of people at some point in their life. Feeling thoughts have been inserted/withdrawn from mind.
E = Behaved ‘normally’. However, staff failed • 2nd psychiatrist diagnosed 13 w
Prevalence:
recognised they ‘normal’. • L = Inconsistency between ment
• males (1.4 x) > females E = Follow-up study: Rosenhan warned hospitals of different classi cation systems =
• cities > countryside intention to send more pseudo-patients + resulted reliability poor.
• working-class > middle-class POS. SYMPTOMS = re ect excess/distortion of normal 21% detection rate although NO pseudo-patients ALSO
functioning - additional experiences beyond those of turned up! Shows schizophrenia more likely t
ordinary existence (hallucinations or delusions). L = Serious implications as sane people might be than DSM.
CLASSIFICATION OF institutionalised + vice-versa. L =Schizophrenia either over-diag
diagnosed in DSM = poor validity +
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
AVOLITION: Despite Rosenhan’s ndings discrediting psychiatry
- Loss of desires + interest = often mistaken for apparent disinterest. = positives came out of it:
ICD-10 = used in UK POVERTY OF SPEECH (ALOGIA):
• Revised versions of DSM ! validity of diagnosis Co-morbidity
- Lessening of speech uency and productivity (delay), thought to re ect of schizophrenia E = When 2 or more conditions
International Classi cation of Disease, edition 10
slowing or blocked thoughts. E = Buckley et al. (2009): conc
• Raised standards in care in psychiatric institutions
DSM-V = used in USA - Disorganised + incoherent.
• Regular check-ups patients with diagnosis of schiz
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, edition 5 AFFECTED FLATTERING:
diagnosis of depression (50%)
A reduction in the range + intensity of emotional expression.
(47%).
L = In terms of classi cation, if
DIAGNOSIS GUIDELINES OF Symptom overlap between schizophrenia + other conditions
like schizophrenia + vice versa
NEG. SYMPTOMS = re ect diminution/loss of E = Schizophrenia + bipolar disorder = both involve positive
SCHIZOPHRENIA: as single condition = limitation.
normal functioning - loss of usual abilities + symptoms (delusions) + negative symptoms (avolition).
• 2 diagnostic criteria to be met over least 1 month:
- delusions, hallucinations, or disorganised experiences (avolition or speech poverty). E = Questions validity of classification + diagnosis
speech. E = ICD10: schizophrenia; DSM: bipolar disorder
- negative symptoms, or severely disorganised or L = Confusion could lead wrong label/ treatment. + could
catatonic behaviour (zombie behaviour). SYMPTOMS OF schizophrenia + bipolar be one condition (and not 2)?
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
fi fi fifl fifl fl
