Portage A&P Exam 1 (Answered)

Portage A&P Exam 1 (Answered) 1. Anatomy: focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed 2. Physiology: looks at how the body functions. The physiology of the body de- pends on the anatomy of the body. The physiology of how the organs function depends on the structure of the bones, which are hard structures made of mineral deposits that protect the organs from damage 3. Levels of organization: atom molecule, macromolecule, organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism AMMO C TOOO 4. Chemical level -> organism: atoms (chemical level) which are the smallest building blocks of matter combine to form molecules, which then combine to form macromolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids). Macromolecules combine to form organelles (working structures) inside of each human cell. Examples of organelles are the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell. The cells are the smallest units of living organisms and comprise the cellular level of structural organization. There are many different types of cells in the body that perform various functions; together, they form the tissue level. Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. Together the tissues make up the organ . Organs work together to form organ systems. Organ systems make up the organism AMMO C TOOO 5. Tissues: groups of cells that perform a common function. 6. 4 basic tissue types in the human body: epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous 7. epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. The cells that make up tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. The structure of tissue contains closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). tissue can be found as one layer or in many layers. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away. 8. muscle tissue: tissue enables us to move The cells that make up tissue are specialized for muscle contraction. 9. connective tissue: Tissue offers support, give strucure and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role. 10. nervous tissue: tissue responsible for the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the "wiring" of the body. 11. integumentary system: The skin Skin is made up of the: epidermis (outer top layer), dermis (middle layer), and the hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer). The hypodermis is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells. Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature. Skin forms the external body covering and protects the deeper tissues from injury. The integumentary system produces vitamin D and contains the pain receptors and pressure receptors used in our protection. Our skin plays an important role in protecting our internal organs from extreme temperature changes. Sweat glands and oil glands can also be found here. If the integumentary system is damaged and microbes or chemicals make their way into the body, it is the lymphatic system that is responsible for mounting the attack to defend our internal environment. Integumentary system includes : Skin Hair, oil glands sensory glands 12. Epidermis: Outer layer of skin 13. Dermis: middle layer of skin 14. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer): Inner layer of skin is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells. Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature. Skin forms the external body covering and protects the deeper tissues from injury. 15. Skeletal System: Serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. The system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals. The system provides the framework for which the muscles attach. holds the body up against gravity 16. Muscular System: Allows for movement of the body. attach to bones to bring movement to the skeletal system. Groups of contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities. 17. types of muscle tissue: skeletal- throughout the body, voluntary cardiac- heart, involuntary smooth- non striated, inside the digestive tract. involuntary 18. Nervous System:: Provides internal communication among the cells of the body. Our system uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments. 19. Key components of the nervous system: Brain Spinal cord Nerves-- communication within the body and detects external stimuli that commu- nicates with the brain 20. Endocrine System: a series of organs that can be found in the brain and throughout the body Made up of glands that make secrete hormones that go into the bloodstream , which regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of the body. Primary organs thyroid gland, adrenal glands hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland (all inside the brain) 21. Metabolism: a function of the Endocrine system is all the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function. Catabolism is the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks. big to small olecules to Anabolism is the synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones. small to big Cellular respiration uses these more complex structures along with oxygen to make ATP (Figure 1.12). ATP is a very energy-rich molecule that powers cellular activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions. First, the body breaks down a glucose molecule (with six carbon atoms) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, creating two ATP molecules. Next, in the citric acid cycle the body breaks down the pyruvic acid molecules to create 2 more ATP molecules and release electrons. Finally, in the electron transport chain the body uses electrons to produce most of its ATP. Figure 1.12 depicts how ATP is created from a glucose molecule: 22. Catabolism: is the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks. 23. Anabolism: synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones 24. The creation of ATP: First glycolysis, the body breaks down a glucose mol- ecule (with six carbon atoms) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, creating two ATP molecules. back to the Next, in the citric acid cycle the body breaks down the pyruvic acid create 2 more ATP molecules and release electrons. Finally, in the electron transport chain the body uses electrons to produce most of its ATP. 25. creation of ATP steps: Step 1: glycolysis, Step 2: citric acid cycle, Step 3: electron transport system. In total, this process can create up to 36- 38 ATP from one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes. ATP is an energy rich molecule 26. cardiovascular system: Made up of the heart and all the blood vessels that moves carbon dioxide waste from the cells-- to the lungs so it can be expired. move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body to the cells that needs it.. Arteries and veins 27. Lymphatic System:: Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also a part of the circulatory system. It has a complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain heart. Major organs of lymphatic system: lymph nodes & elp to move thymus, spleen (lymph vessels and lymph nodes in green) 28. Respiratory System: Involved in excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism. it is also responsible for bring in oxygen to supply the body The system also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen. 29. Urinary System:: Involved in excretion of waste from the body. The system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood. The cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system h nutrients and waste through the body. The actual ability to remove waste from the body is known as excretion and is carried out by the digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems. kidney and its nephrons 30. Excretion: The actual ability to remove waste from the body or repair. yte (egg) ystem. r the