EXAM SUMMARY
Intercultural Competence
Lecture 1 | Intercultural Competence in Leisure Management
Relevance of Intercultural Competencies for leisure managers
understanding different stakeholders
showing respect
realizing necessity of differences
being aware of cultural contexts to judge behaviour
new creation that integrates seemingly opposing values by synergy
Lecture 2 | The concept of culture
Culture
Definition (Ferraro, 2002)
everything that people have, think & do as member of their society
Approaches to culture
sociology: how people share cultures
psychology: how people are mentally programmed
anthropology: emerging in cultures to understand them
linguistics: expression of culture in importance & meaning
organizational: interaction of different cultures in institutions
Explicit Culture Implicit Culture
man-made, material objects norms, values & beliefs
symbols (e.g. national flag) preferences
heroes (e.g. Gandhi) assumptions & expectations
rituals, etiquette & habits
behaviour & (non-)verbal communication
Characteristics of cultures
integrated wholes (logical systems with interrelated elements)
guidelines (definitions of right & wrong)
define universals (common problem common solution, e.g. school system)
taught (transmitted through interaction, not genetic)
influence biological processes (e.g. eating, pain, bod modifications, …)
continuously change: analysis of own & other cultural benefits / disadvantages
internal change through discovery & intervention; external change through diffusion or replacement
ethno-centrism: assuming own culture is superior & principles should apply for everyone
minorities have to adapt to majority
Intercultural Competence
Lecture 1 | Intercultural Competence in Leisure Management
Relevance of Intercultural Competencies for leisure managers
understanding different stakeholders
showing respect
realizing necessity of differences
being aware of cultural contexts to judge behaviour
new creation that integrates seemingly opposing values by synergy
Lecture 2 | The concept of culture
Culture
Definition (Ferraro, 2002)
everything that people have, think & do as member of their society
Approaches to culture
sociology: how people share cultures
psychology: how people are mentally programmed
anthropology: emerging in cultures to understand them
linguistics: expression of culture in importance & meaning
organizational: interaction of different cultures in institutions
Explicit Culture Implicit Culture
man-made, material objects norms, values & beliefs
symbols (e.g. national flag) preferences
heroes (e.g. Gandhi) assumptions & expectations
rituals, etiquette & habits
behaviour & (non-)verbal communication
Characteristics of cultures
integrated wholes (logical systems with interrelated elements)
guidelines (definitions of right & wrong)
define universals (common problem common solution, e.g. school system)
taught (transmitted through interaction, not genetic)
influence biological processes (e.g. eating, pain, bod modifications, …)
continuously change: analysis of own & other cultural benefits / disadvantages
internal change through discovery & intervention; external change through diffusion or replacement
ethno-centrism: assuming own culture is superior & principles should apply for everyone
minorities have to adapt to majority
